Interpreting mega-development projects as territorial traps: the case of irrigation schemes on the shores of Lake Chad (Borno State, Nigeria)

From the colonial era up to the present, mega-irrigation projects for agriculture have played a key role in the production of state space in Sahelian Africa. Transferring a concept proposed by Agnew (1994) onto a different scale, it is possible to interpret these mega-projects as \u201cterritorial traps\u201d. In fact, they set up boundaries (physical, relational, cognitive and operative) that force evolutive trajectories of the areas involved along rigid pathways. In the aftermath of the systematic failure of the mega-projects, farmers are faced with constraints determined by the trap imposed, without having any of the promised benefits in terms of productive growth, i.e. income. In many situations, the farmers have identified \u201ca means of escape\u201d from these catastrophes by transgressing the boundaries imposed by the territorial traps and reintroducing parts of the infrastructure to a common use. The case study presented regards the irrigation mega-projects on the shores of Lake Chad, in Nigeria

UPAYA HUKUM YANG DILAKUKAN OLEH BANK TERHADAP NASABAH YANG MELAKUKAN WANPRESTASI PERJANJIAN KREDIT USAHA PERDESAAN (KUPEDES) PADA BANK BRI UNIT KETAHUN DITINJAU DARI ASAS KESEIMBANGAN

Bank and customer credit agreements bind rights and obligations. Therefore, it is necessary to balance the position of both parties which reflects fairness both in the contents of the agreement and its implementation. In fact, it is often found an imbalance in the position of both parties that gives birth to injustice both in content and implementation, especially in the implementation of guarantee execution. In analyzing the problems in this study, researchers used a descriptive analysis method so that the results of the study showed that the legal remedies undertaken by the bank against debtors who defaulted more on deliberation and non-litigation efforts. The implementation of guarantee execution has implemented the principle of balance and reflects justice. Keywords: Legal Remedies,Credit Agreements, Balance Principl

Forest functions and space: a geohistorical perspective of European forests

The history of man has been linked to the history of wood since prehistoric times and because the forest is the main place where this resource is available, forest spaces are also directly linked to the evolution of human society. The objective of this paper is to analyze the historical evolution of the functions assigned by humans to forests, highlighting how they affect the production of space from a diachronic perspective. Focusing our attention on some European countries, we highlight that although historically, wood production was the most important function provided by wooded lands, other functions were also attributed to forests. The awareness of these functions emerged when an overexploitation of forest resources produced a lack of a specific service. When these services corresponded to a societal demand, they produced welfare benefits for the society, which were recognized as forest functions. Thus even the functions evolved in time according to the evolution of societal needs. Evaluating when and how each societal demand emerged, and consequently the moment each function was recognized, is an essential prerequisite even for a more accurate interpretation of current forest management practices. Not only is the temporal dimension of forest functions relevant, so is the spatial scale, which may differ considerably between them, ranging from the specific forest area and its owner for the productive function; to the catchment area and its inhabitants for the protective function; to a potentially larger area for the cultural and biodiversity function; and to the entire globe for the carbon-retention function. The strict, and sometimes competing, interactions between these functions may also be recognized in the production of space, which evolved in time according to the evolution of the corresponding societal needs. A forest parcel assigned to a productive function is a material space, marked in the field by colored signs, but it may also be virtually represented by a forest model or be part of some protected area. But this picture would change if, instead of looking at the present, we consider the past and the different sensations and representations concerned with forests. These complex interactions, between different functions and spatial dimensions, justify the need to balance a segregative management system with a wider, multifunctional integrated approach. What has emerged from our study is that to reach this difficult equilibrium, it is useful to consider the production processes of these forest spaces. Through this analytical approach, we can understand the interactions occurring over time between the evolution of the demands expressed by society and the main changes occurred on the forest landscape

PENGARUH PENYULUHAN KESEHATAN TENTANG PENGGUNAAN ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI TERHADAP PERILAKU PETANI DI DESA PETUKEL BLANG JORONG KECAMATAN BANDAR KABUPATEN BENER MERIAH TAHUN 2019

Pemakaian alat pelindung diri merupakan salah satu cara pencegahan terjadinya keracunan pestisida. Pestisida dapat masuk kedalam tubuh melalui kulit dan sistem pernapasan. Menurut WHO di seluruh dunia terajadi 4 ratus ribu- 2 juta mengalami keracunan pestisida. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh penyuluhan kesehatan tentang penggunaan alat pelindung diri terhadap perilaku di Desa Petukel Blang Jorong Kecamatan Bandar Kabupaten Bener Meriah Tahun 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain Pra-eksperimen dengan rancangan one group pretes and posttest, populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh petani yang menggunakan pestisida sebanyak 456 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan accidental sampling, jumlah sampel sebanyak 30 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan menggunakan kuesioner dan leflet. Analisa data dilakukan denganunivariat dan bivariat menggunakanWilcoxon signed rank test. Hasil penelitian bahwa perilaku sebelum diberikan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang penggunaan alat pelindung diri mayoritas kurang sebanyak 15 responden (50%), perilaku sesudah diberikan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang penggunaan alat pelindung diri mayoritas baik sebanyak 21 responden (70%). Hasil uji statistik dengan uji wilcoxon pengaruh pengaruh penyuluhan kesehatan tentang penggunaan alat pelindung diri terhadap perilaku di Desa Petukel Blang Jorong Kecamatan Bandar Kabupaten Bener Meriah Tahun 2019 dengan nilai P-value 0,000. Kesimpulan penelitian terdapat pengaruh penyuluhan kesehatan tentang penggunaan alat pelindung diri terhadap perilaku di Desa Petukel Blang Jorong Kecamatan Bandar Meriah Tahun 2019. Disarankan untuk pihak aparat desa untuk dapat memberikan informasi tentang penggunaan alat pelindung diri yang baik pada petani sehingga mengurangi terjadinya keracunan pada petani.ABSTRACT The use of personal protective equipment is one way to prevent the occurrence of pesticide poisoning. Pesticides can enter the body through the skin and respiratory system. According to WHO around the world, there have been 4 hundred thousand to 2 million pesticide poisoning. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of health education on the use of personal protective equipment to behavior in Petukel Blang Jorong Village, Bandar District, Bener Meriah District in 2019. This study used a pre-experimental design with one group pretest and posttest design, the population in this study were all farmers 456 people use pesticides. The sampling technique used was accidental sampling, with a total sample of 30 people. The instrument used was a questionnaire and leaflet. Data analysis was performed by univariate and bivariate using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The results of the study that the behavior before being given health education about the use of personal protective equipment the majority less than 15 respondents (50%), the behavior after being given health education about the use of personal protective equipment the majority of 21 respondents (70%). Statistical test results with Wilcoxon test the influence of the influence of health education on the use of personal protective equipment to behavior in the Bluk Jorong Petukel Village, Bandar District, Bener Meriah Regency in 2019 with a P-value of 0,000. The conclusion of this research is the influence of health education on the use of personal protective equipment to behavior in the Petukel Blang Jorong Village, Bandar Meriah District in 2019. It is recommended for village officials to be able to provide information about the use of personal protective equipment to farmers so as to reduce the occurrence of poisoning to farmers

THE EFFECT OF POSITION AND WORK PLACEMENT PROMOTION IN REGIONALAND EDUCATION EMPLOYEE AND TRAINING AGENCY, TANJUNGBALAI CITY

Job performance is a result of work that is achieved by someone in carrying out the tasks assigned to him based on skills, experience and sincerity as well as time. An employee who achieves literally means that he has succeeded in achieving what has become an outline of his work. The phenomenon of problems that occur in the Regional Personnel Agency and Training Center of the City of Tanjungbalai related to work performanceThe method used in this study is a survey approach. the type of quantitative descriptive research and the nature of research are explanations. The method of data collection is by interviews, questionnaires and documentation studies. The population is all employees at the Regional Personnel Agency and Training Center of Tanjungbalai City, namely 32 employees and determined the number of samples from the entire population that is as many as 32 employees.Based on multiple linear equations obtained the following results that Ŷ = 4.324 + 0,780 X1 + 0,872 X2. In this equation, it can be seen that job promotion (X1) and employee placement (X2) have a positive regression coefficient that proves its contribution to employee work performance (Y) in the Regional Personnel Agency and Training Center of the City in this regression model.Simultaneous testing shows that the value of F(6.215) is greater than the value of Ftable (2.76). This shows that job promotion and placement of employees simultaneously influence the work performance of employees at the Regional Personnel Agency and Training Center of the City of Tanjungbalai.    Keywords: Job Promotion, Job Achievement, Tanjungbala

PROPOSED DRUG REHABILITATION CENTRE OKOLOBIRI, BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA:ADOPTING THERAPEUTIC ARCHITECTURE FOR PATIENTS’ RECOVERY

Drug abuse has become an issue of concern not only in Nigeria but in the world at large. The aim of this study is to design a drug rehabilitation centre for Bayelsa state by adopting the concept of therapeutic architecture with a view to creating a healing environment for its users. Information from existing literature and case studies were used to examine the effect of therapeutic architecture on patients’ recovery and the unique problems in the design of drug rehabilitation centres. The study was able to identify safety, security and serenity as the major considerations in the design of a drug rehabilitation centre. However, the researcher identified that the components of therapeutic architecture were grievously lacking in the Nigerian case studies. From the findings, in order to address this issue of concern, the concept of therapeutic architecture was adopted in the design of a drug rehabilitation centre in a bid to improve patients’ recovery. This was evident in the buildings floor plan, landscape design, site zoning, interior design and spatial analysis

PENGARUH MOTIVASI KERJA DAN BUDAYA ORGANISASI TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI PADA BANK SUMUT CABANG TANJUNG BALAI

ABSTRAK Teori yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah teori manajemen organisasi dan sumber daya manusia dengan lebih berfokus pada faktor motivasi kerja, budaya organisasi dan kinerja kerja yang menjadi variabel-variabel dalam penelitian ini. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan survey. jenis penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dan sifat penelitian adalah penjelasan. Metode pengumpulan data adalah dengan wawancara, kuesioner dan studi dokumentasi. Populasi adalah seluruh pegawai pada Bank Sumut Cabang Tanjung Balai yaitu 40 orang dan ditetapkan jumlah sempel dari seluruh populasi yang ada yaitu sejumlah 40 orang pegawai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara serempak terdapat pengaruh sangat signifikan antara Motivasi Kerja dan Budaya Organisasi  terhadap Kinerja pegawai pada Bank Sumut Cabang Tanjung Balai dan secara parsial menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara Motivasi kerja dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Kinerja pegawai pada Bank Sumut Cabang Tanjung Balai. Kesimpulan hasil penelitian, secara serempak dan parsial Motivasi kerja dan Budaya Organisasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Kinerja pegawai pada Bank Sumut  Cabang Tanjung Balai. Kata Kunci : Motivasi, Budaya Organisasi, Kinerj

Remote Contextual Bandits

We consider a remote contextual multi-armed bandit (CMAB) problem, in which the decision-maker observes the context and the reward, but must communicate the actions to be taken by the agents over a rate-limited communication channel. This can model, for example, a personalized ad placement application, where the content owner observes the individual visitors to its website, and hence has the context information, but must convey the ads that must be shown to each visitor to a separate entity that manages the marketing content. In this remote CMAB (R-CMAB) problem, the constraint on the communication rate between the decision-maker and the agents imposes a trade-off between the number of bits sent per agent and the acquired average reward. We are particularly interested in characterizing the rate required to achieve sub-linear regret. Consequently, this can be considered as a policy compression problem, where the distortion metric is induced by the learning objectives. We first study the fundamental information theoretic limits of this problem by letting the number of agents go to infinity, and study the regret achieved when Thompson sampling strategy is adopted. In particular, we identify two distinct rate regions resulting in linear and sub-linear regret behavior, respectively. Then, we provide upper bounds for the achievable regret when the decision-maker can reliably transmit the policy without distortion

HEALTH LOCUS OF CONTROL DAN SELF-EFFICACY PASIEN DM TIPE 2 DENGAN PENERAPAN MODIFIKASI PSIKOEDUKASI

It is feared that the high prevalence of DM will increase the risk of comorbidities as a result of complications of this disease. Complications that occur in DM in Indonesia include neuropathy complications in 60%, coronary heart disease at 20.5%, diabetic ulcers at 15%, retinopathy at 10%, and nephropathy at 7.1%. The study aims to treat diabetes mellitus patients with a lifelong disease that must be well managed and compliant to avoid complications that worsen the patient's condition. The type of research used in this study is quasi-experimental research. This research design using a pretest-posttest control group design. The population was in this study were elderly people suffering from Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. From the data of the Puskesmas, the sample was taken using a systematic random sampling method. It was found that 35 respondents were in the working area of ​​Puskesmas Sentosa Baru. Psychoeducation was given for 3 weeks and every week a random blood glucose level was checked. The results of this study are the influence of the application of psychoeducation on self-efficacy in Type 2 DM patients in the work area of ​​the Puskesmas Sentosa Baru (p=0,000). This study concludes that there is an effect of the application of psychoeducation on self-efficacy in type 2 DM patients in the work area of ​​the Puskesmas Sentosa Baru