High-cycle thermal fatigue in mixing tees. Large-eddy simulations compared to a new validation experiment

ABSTRACT The present paper describes new experimental data of thermal mixing in a T-junction compared with results from Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) and Detached Eddy Simulations (DES). The experimental setup was designed in order to provide data suitable for validation of CFD-calculations. The data is obtained from temperature measurements with thermocouples located near the pipe wall, velocity measurements with Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) as well as single-point concentration measurements with Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF). The LES showed good agreement with the experimental data also when fairly coarse computational meshes were used. However, grid refinement studies revealed a fairly strong sensitivity to the grid resolution, and a simulation using a fine mesh with nearly 10 million cells significantly improved the results in the entire flow domain. The sensitivity to different unsteady inlet boundary conditions was however small, which shows that the strong large-scale instabilities that are present in the mixing region are triggered independent of the applied inlet perturbations. A shortcoming in the performed simulations is insufficient near-wall resolution, which resulted in poor predictions of the near-wall mean velocity profiles and the wall-shear stress. Simulations using DES improved the near-wall velocity predictions, but failed to predict the temperature fluctuations due to high levels of modeled turbulent viscosity that restrained the formation of small scale turbulence

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Studies of the flow pattern in short term hot water storages

This thesis relates to the study of thermally stratified hot water storages used in district heating systems and is an extension of the doctoral theses of Jan Dahl and Roger Hermansson. The thermal performance of a stratified water storage is reduced by different phenomena such as heat transfer to the surroundings and mixing between hot and cold water during the charging of the tank. The study of the flow field in the storage tank gives a better understanding of these phenomena. The work described here is composed of two parts. The first concerns the development of a Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) technique, described in Paper I, which can be used to measure the velocity field in a model water heat storage. Paper II presents a study of phenomena affecting the accuracy of the PTV technique. The inaccuracy of the velocity measurements due to the limited resolution of the video camera increases rapidly if the time-step between pictures is too small. The number of incorrect identifications is also an important factor for the determination of the time-step. A method of selecting the appropriate time-step has been proposed in Paper III. With the help of a procedure to remove incorrect identifications, a method for evaluation of the velocity field aimed at reducing errors caused by resolution inaccuracy and incorrect particle identifications has been developed. The second part of this thesis concerns studies of flow patterns in a model water heat storage. Using the PTV technique presented previously, the natural convection boundary layer has been observed and measured in Paper IV. Flow phenomena caused by heat losses to the surrounding are found to have an important effect on the nature of the gradient zone. The gravity current resulting from the inflow of hot water in the tank filled with cold water has been studied in Paper V. A numerical simulation has been performed. The mixing has been quantified through an efficiency based on exergy. Phenomena leading to a loss of efficiency during the formation of the thermocline have been identified. The conditions of vortex formation at the edge of the inlet plate during the formation of the thermocline are investigated in Paper VI. A range of critical Richardson numbers, based on a comparison of experimental results, numerical simulation and theorietical analysis has been proposed.Godkänd; 1998; 20061123 (haneit

Antoine vu par..

Pascal Jean, Antoine André, Heuzé André, Delluc Louis, Veber Pierre-Eugène. Antoine vu par... In: 1895, revue d'histoire du cinéma, n°8-9, 1990. Antoine cinéaste. pp. 4-18

Qualitative, integrated modeling of lipid metabolism in hepatocytes

International audienc

Phase Transitions and Physical Properties of the Mixed Valence Iron Phosphate Fe3_3(PO3_3OH)4_4(H2_2O)4_4

Iron phosphate materials have attracted a lot of attention due to their potential as cathode materials for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. It has been shown that lithium insertion or extraction depends on the Fe mixed valence and reduction or oxidation of the Fe ions’ valences. In this paper, we report a new synthesis method for the Fe$_3$(PO$_3$OH)$_4$(H$_2$O)$_4$ mixed valence iron phosphate. In addition, we perform temperature-dependent measurements of structural and physical properties in order to obtain an understanding of electronic–structural interplay in this compound. Scanning electron microscope images show needle-like single crystals of 50 μm to 200 μm length which are stable up to approximately 200 °C, as revealed by thermogravimetric analysis. The crystal structure of Fe$_3$(PO$_3$OH)$_4$(H$_2$O)$_4$ single crystals has been determined in the temperature range of 90 K to 470 K. A monoclinic isostructural phase transition was found at ~213 K, with unit cell volume doubling in the low temperature phase. While the local environment of the Fe$^{2+}$ ions does not change significantly across the structural phase transition, small antiphase rotations occur for the Fe$^{3+}$ octahedra, implying some kind of electronic order. These results are corroborated by first principle calculations within density functional theory, which also point to ordering of the electronic degrees of freedom across the transition. The structural phase transition is confirmed by specific heat measurements. Moreover, hints of 3D antiferromagnetic ordering appear below ~11 K in the magnetic susceptibility measurements. Room temperature visible light absorption is consistent with the Fe$^{2+}$/Fe$^ {3+}$ mixed valence

Phase Transitions and Physical Properties of the Mixed Valence Iron Phosphate Fe3(PO3OH)4(H2O)4

Iron phosphate materials have attracted a lot of attention due to their potential as cathode materials for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. It has been shown that lithium insertion or extraction depends on the Fe mixed valence and reduction or oxidation of the Fe ions&rsquo; valences. In this paper, we report a new synthesis method for the Fe3(PO3OH)4(H2O)4 mixed valence iron phosphate. In addition, we perform temperature-dependent measurements of structural and physical properties in order to obtain an understanding of electronic&ndash;structural interplay in this compound. Scanning electron microscope images show needle-like single crystals of 50 &mu;m to 200 &mu;m length which are stable up to approximately 200 &deg;C, as revealed by thermogravimetric analysis. The crystal structure of Fe3(PO3OH)4(H2O)4 single crystals has been determined in the temperature range of 90 K to 470 K. A monoclinic isostructural phase transition was found at ~213 K, with unit cell volume doubling in the low temperature phase. While the local environment of the Fe2+ ions does not change significantly across the structural phase transition, small antiphase rotations occur for the Fe3+ octahedra, implying some kind of electronic order. These results are corroborated by first principle calculations within density functional theory, which also point to ordering of the electronic degrees of freedom across the transition. The structural phase transition is confirmed by specific heat measurements. Moreover, hints of 3D antiferromagnetic ordering appear below ~11 K in the magnetic susceptibility measurements. Room temperature visible light absorption is consistent with the Fe2+/Fe3+ mixed valence

Neuropathological hallmarks of fetal hydrocephalus linked to CCDC88C pathogenic variants

Abstract The prevalence of congenital hydrocephalus has been estimated at 1.1 per 1000 infants when including cases diagnosed before 1 year of age after exclusion of neural tube defects. Classification criteria are based either on CSF dynamics, pathophysiological mechanisms or associated lesions. Whereas inherited syndromic hydrocephalus has been associated with more than 100 disease-causing genes, only four genes are currently known to be linked to congenital hydrocephalus either isolated or as a major clinical feature: L1CAM, AP1S2, MPDZ and CCDC88C. In the past 10 years, pathogenic variants in CCDC88C have been documented but the neuropathology remains virtually unknown. We report the neuropathology of two foetuses from one family harbouring two novel compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in the CCDC88C gene: a maternally inherited indel in exon 22, c.3807_3809delinsACCT;p.(Gly1270Profs*53) and a paternally inherited deletion of exon 23, c.3967-?_c.4112-?;p.(Leu1323Argfs*10). Medical termination of pregnancy was performed at 18 and 23 weeks of gestation for severe bilateral ventriculomegaly. In both fetuses, brain lesions consisted of multifocal atresia-forking along the aqueduct of Sylvius and the central canal of the medulla, periventricular neuronal heterotopias and choroid plexus hydrops. The second fetus also presented lumbar myelomeningocele, left diaphragmatic hernia and bilateral renal agenesis. CCDC88C encodes the protein DAPLE which contributes to ependymal cell planar polarity by inhibiting the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway and interacts with MPDZ and PARD3. Interestingly, heterozygous variants in PARD3 result in neural tube defects by defective tight junction formation and polarization process of the neuroepithelium. Besides, during organ formation Wnt signalling is a prerequisite for planar cell polarity pathway activation, and mutations in planar cell polarity genes lead to heart, lung and kidney malformations. Hence, candidate variants in CCDC88C should be carefully considered whether brain lesions are isolated or associated with malformations suspected to result from disorders of planar cell polarity