(SC)RMI: A (S)emi-(C)lassical (R)elativistic (M)otion (I)integrator, to model the orbits of space probes around the Earth and other planets

Today, the motion of spacecrafts is still described according to the classical Newtonian equations plus the so-called "relativistic corrections", computed with the required precision using the Post-(Post-)Newtonian formalism. The current approach, with the increase of tracking precision (Ka-Band Doppler, interplanetary lasers) and clock stabilities (atomic fountains) is reaching its limits in terms of complexity, and is furthermore error prone. In the appropriate framework of General Relativity, we study a method to numerically integrate the native relativistic equations of motion for a weak gravitational field, also taking into account small non-gravitational forces. The latter are treated as perturbations, in the sense that we assume that both the local structure of space-time is not modified by these forces, and that the unperturbed satellite motion follows the geodesics of the local space-time. The use of a symplectic integrator to compute the unperturbed geodesic motion insures the constancy of the norm of the proper velocity quadrivector. We further show how this general relativistic framework relates to the classical one.Comment: 13 pages, 5 eps figures, 1 table, accepted in Acta Astronautica, presented at the International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver 2004, reference IAC-04-A.7.0

Towards Sustainable Mobility Indicators: Application to the Lyons Conurbation

This paper applies the theme of sustainable development to the case of urban transport and daily mobility of the inhabitants of a city. A set of indicators which simultaneously takes the three dimensions of sustainability––environmental, economic, and social––into account is suggested. We present here the results of exploratory research funded by Renault Automobile Manufacturers, carried out to verify the feasibility and the usefulness of elaborating such sustainable mobility indicators. Values of the economics, environmental and social indicators are presented for the Lyons case. These estimations are mainly based on the household travel survey held in this city in 1994–1995. In the end, this set of indicators should allow the comparison of different urban transport strategies within an urban area, but also between different urban contexts, and through time. The conditions of generalization of these measurements of indicators are then discussed.Trip distance ; Daily mobility ; Sustainability indicators ; Household travel survey ; Methodology ; Pollutant emissions ; Expenditures ; Global costs

Bayesian hierarchical reconstruction of protein profiles including a digestion model

Introduction : Mass spectrometry approaches are very attractive to detect protein panels in a sensitive and high speed way. MS can be coupled to many proteomic separation techniques. However, controlling technological variability on these analytical chains is a critical point. Adequate information processing is mandatory for data analysis to take into account the complexity of the analysed mixture, to improve the measurement reliability and to make the technology user friendly. Therefore we develop a hierarchical parametric probabilistic model of the LC-MS analytical chain including the technological variability. We introduce a Bayesian reconstruction methodology to recover the protein biomarkers content in a robust way. We will focus on the digestion step since it brings a major contribution to technological variability. Method : In this communication, we introduce a hierarchical model of the LC-MS analytical chain. Such a chain is a cascade of molecular events depicted by a graph structure, each node being associated to a molecular state such as protein, peptide and ion and each branch to a molecular processing such as digestion, ionisation and LC-MS separation. This molecular graph defines a hierarchical mixture model. We extend the Bayesian statistical framework we have introduced previously [1] to this hierarchical description. As an example, we will consider the digestion step. We describe the digestion process on a pair of peptides within the targeted protein as a Bernoulli random process associated with a cleavage probability controlled by the digestion kinetic law.Comment: pr\'esentation orale; 59th American Society for Mass Spectrometry Conference, Dallas : France (2011

Experimental study of the transport properties of rough self-affine fractures

An experimental study of the transport properties of fluid-saturated joints composed of two complementary rough fracture surfaces, translated with respect to each other and brought in contact, is reported. Quantitative roughness measurements on different fractured granite samples show that the surfaces have a self-affine geometry from which the dependence of the mean aperture on the relative displacement of fracture surfaces kept in contact can be predicted. Variations of the hydraulic and electrical conductances of the joint are measured as functions of its mean aperture. A simple parallel plane model accounts for the global trend of the measurements, but significant deviations are observed when a relative lateral displacement of the surfaces is introduced. A theoretical analysis of their origin shows that they are due both to the randomness of the aperture field and to a nonzero local slope of the surface near the injection hole; the corresponding conductivity fluctuation amplitudes have power law and linear variations with the lateral displacement, and are enhanced by the radial injection geometry

Données nouvelles sur l’origine du lintage des grèzes : implications paléoclimatiques

À partir de l'étude détaillée d'une grèze litée répondant à la définition granulo-métrique proposée par Guillien, les différentes hypothèses avancées concernant les processus de mise en place de ces dépôts ont été ré-examinées. Les données recueillies lors des observations de terrain, les résultats des analyses sédimentologiques et ceux de l'analyse micromorphologique ont permis de cerner le processus dominant conduisant à la stratification des grèzes. Le rôle majeur attribué au ruissellement par Guillien est remis en question par l'absence de figures d'incision, de granoclassements longitudinaux, de structures obliques ou entrecroisées. L'hypothèse congélifluxion-ruissellement de Journaux ne permet pas d'expliquer les granoclassements verticaux; par ailleurs, le ruissellement diffus ne peut seul aboutir à la formation d'une « table » bien marquée au sommet des lits gras. En revanche, Journaux et Francou font appel à la solifluxion pour la mise en place des lits gras. Le modèle andin de Francou qui privilégie la cryoreptation nous semble le mieux adapté pour expliquer le litage des grèzes charentaises. Les granoclassements verticaux, les contacts entre les lits, les figures sedimentaires observés dans le milieu andin ont été retrouvés dans les grèzes litées charentaises. Le mécanisme de la nappe-coulée a donc été retenu comme moteur essentiel de la stratogénèse. De ce fait, le contexte climatique d'élaboration des grèzes est caractérisé par la grande fréquence de cycles gel-dégel brefs, superficiels et des apports de neige faibles mais renouvelés fournissant l'eau nécessaire à une cryoclastie et à une cryoreptation actives. La formation des grèzes litées se situerait donc pendant les phases froides et humides qui ont été les plus durables au cours du dernier cycle glaciaire, la phase plus froide et plus sèche terminale ayant provoqué le remaniement du sommet de la grèze (fauchages, cryoturbations).Following a detailed study of a "grèze litée" which presents the granulometric characteristics defined by Guillien, we have reviewed the various assumptions concerning the processes of deposition of these materials. The field data and the results of the sedimentological and the micromorphological analyses make it possible to better determine the main processes involved in the deposition of the "grèzes". The dominant role assigned to slopewash by Guillien is not supported by sedimentary structures such as longitudinal graded beddings and oblique or cross beddings. The congelifluxion-slopewash hypothesis of Journaux does not explain vertical graded beddings and the washing alone cannot lead to the formation of a well defined table at the top of the diamicton or "lit gras". However, Journaux and Francou consider that solifluction may explain the "lit gras". The Andean model by Francou which favours frost-creep seems to be the best explanation for the bedding of the "grèzes charentaises". Vertical graded beddings, contacts between layers, sedimentary features observed in the Andean environment have been recognized in the "grèzes litées charentaises". The mecanism of solifluction sheet (nappe-coulée) seems to be the essential process of the stra-togenesis. Thereby the climatic context of development of the "grèzes" is characterized by a great frequency of short and superficial freezing and thawing cycles and the contribution of short-lived and renewed snow cover or patches providing the water required for active frost shattering and frost creep. The development of the "grèzes litées" probably occurred during the dominant cold and humid periods of the last glacial cycle. The cold and dry terminal period is responsible for the reworking of the top of the "grèze" (bendings and cryoturbations).Ausgehend von einer detaillierten Studie einer gréze litée, welche der von Guillien vorgeschlagenen granu-lometrischen Definition entspricht, werden die verschiedenen Hypothesen zum AbIa-gerungsprozeB dieser Materialien nochmals ûberprùft. Die bei Terrainbeobachtungen gesammelten Daten und die Ergebnisse der sedimentologischen und mikromorphologis-chen Analysen ermôglichen es, den dominie-renden Vorgang, der zur Stratifizierung der grèzes fùhrte, nàher zu bestimmen. Die domi-nierende RoIIe, die Guillien der Regenspulung zuspricht, wird wegen des Fehlens von Einschnittformen und Sedimentstrukturen wie Làngs-, Schràg- und Kreuzschichtung in Frage gestellt. Die Gelifluktion-Regenspulung-Hypothese von Journaux erlaubt nicht, die vertikalen Komschichtungen zu erklàren; auBerden kann die diffuse Regenspulung allein nicht zu der Bildung einer klar erkenn-baren "Tafel" auf dem Gipfel der lits gras fùhren. Dagegen meinen Journaux und Francou, daB BodenflieBen die lits gras herbeigefùhrt hat. Das Anden-Modell von Francou, welches dem Frostkriechen den Vorzug gibt, scheint uns am ehesten geeignet, die Schichtung der grèzes charentaises zu erklàren. Die vertikalen Komschichtungen, die Kontakte zwischen den Betten und die Ablagerungsformen, die im Anden-Milieu beobachtet wurden, hat man in den grèzes litées charentaises wiederge-funden. Der Mechanismus der geflossenen Flâche wurde also als hauptsàchlicher Motor der Stratogénèse festgehalten. Auf Grund dieser Tatsache zeichnet sich der klimatische Kontext der Ausbildung der grèzes durch die groBe Hâufigkeit kurzer, oberf lâchlicher Vereisungs-Enteisungs-Zyklen aus, sowie durch schwache aber wiederholte Schneebeitràge, welche das fur aktive Frostsprengung und aktives Frostkriechen notwendige Wasser lieferten. Die Bildung der "grèzes litées" fand wohl wâhrend der kalten und feuchten Phasen statt welche im letzten glazialen Zyklus am dauerhaftesten waren

The Production of Anti-Matter in our Galaxy

The discovery of a single anti-helium nucleus in the cosmic ray flux would definitely point toward the existence of stars and even of entire galaxies made of anti-matter. The presence of anti-nuclei in cosmic rays has actually profound implications on the fundamental question of the baryon asymmetry of the universe. It is therefore crucial to determine the amount of anti-matter which our own galaxy already produces through the spallation of high-energy protons on the interstellar gas of the galactic disk. We have used here a coalescence model to assess the amount of anti-deuterium and anti-helium 3 present in cosmic rays together with anti-protons. The propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy is described through a two-zone diffusion model which correctly describes the observed abundances. We find that the antideuterium/proton ratio exceeds $10^{-9}$ above a momentum per anti-nucleon of about 4 GeV/c. Would the universe be purely made of matter, the AMS collaboration should be able to detect a few anti-deuterons during the space station stage of the experiment. However, the antihelium3/proton abundance does not exceed $4 10^{-13}$. Heavier anti-nuclei are even further suppressed.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figure

Real-time Microseismic Monitoring : Automatic Wave Processing and Multilayered Velocity Model for Accurate Event Location

International audienceMine-induced seismicity is a well-known phenomena wherever mining activities take place at great depths. At Provence colliery, France, longwall mining at 1100 meters deep induces numerous, daily tremors, triggered by the caving proeess above the tabular onebody. Many factors play an important part in this seismic activit

Joint Bayesian Hierarchical Inversion-Classification and Application in Proteomics

nb de pages: 4International audienceIn this paper, we combine inverse problem and classification for LC-MS data in a joint Bayesian context, given a set of biomarkers and the statistical characteristics of the biological classes. The data acquisition is modelled in a hierarchical way, including random decomposition of proteins into peptides and peptides into ions associated to peaks on the LC-MS measurement. A Bayesian global inversion, based on the hierarchical model for the direct problem, enables to take into account the biological and technological variabilities from those random processes and to estimate the parameters efficiently. We describe the statistical theoretical framework including the hierarchical direct model, the prior and posterior distributions and the estimators for the involved parameters. We resort to the MCMC algorithm and give preliminary results on a simulated data set