La posizione giuridica dell’ ebreo convertito nell’ età della Controriforma. La bolla Cupientes ludaeos (1542) e la successiva elaborazione dottrinale

The Church policy in relation to the Jews during the Counter-Reformation was aimed at attaining the highest possible number of conversions. To that purpose, the Curia set in motion, on the one hand, a series of measures humiliating for the Jews (ghetto, burning of books, expulsions) and, on the other hand, another group of measures tending to create social and economic advantages for the converts. The present article rewiews those juridical regulations and the development of that doctrine (De Susannis, Ricciullo, Sessa). Nevertheless, one part of the juridical doctrine and, above all, the local clergy, especially in Spain, were strongly opposed to admit the converts to either civil or ecclesiastical dignities. To determine the actual juridical and social status of the converts, it would, therefore, be necessary to transcend the juridical resolutions and open the research to the archival documentation which reflects a much more complex and di verse reality.La política de la Iglesia en relación con los judíos fue, en el período de la Contrarreforma, la de intentar conseguir el mayor número posible de conversiones. Por esta razón, la Curia puso en marcha, por un lado, una serie de medidas vejatorias para los judíos (ghetto, quema de libros, expulsiones) y, por otro, otra serie de medidas tendentes a crear ventajas sociales y económicas para el converso. En este artículo se examinan tales normas jurídicas y las elaboraciones de esa doctrina (De Susannis, Ricciullo, Sessa). Sin embargo, una parte de la doctrina jurídica y sobre todo del clero local, especialmente en España, opusieron una fuerte resistencia a admitir a los conversos en cargos eclesiásticos y civiles. Para determinar la verdadera posición jurídica y social de los conversos es preciso, por lo tanto, no limitarse exclusivamente a las disposiciones jurídicas, sino ampliar la investigación a la docu­mentación de archivo que refleja una realidad mucho más compleja y diversa

Positron annihilation study of defect distribution in 8YSZ nanostructure

The impact of the interfacial contribution on overall properties increases with decreasing grain size of polycrystalline materials. It is well known that distribution and size of cluster defects are rather different in bulk than grain boundaries. In light of "bottom-up" approaches, a study at the atomic level determining the distribution of crystallographic defects could clarify their contribution to the macroscopic properties, and then differentiate materials for outstanding or precise applications. In this work, Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAS) is used to characterize the distribution of defects within 8 mol% Y₂O₃-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) structures prepared by sintering through three different thermal treatments, i.e. a conventional thermal cycle in air and N₂/H₂ atmosphere, and a fast firing cycle in air, which lead to average grain sizes < 260 nm.The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Government through the projects MAT2009-14448-C02-01 and IPT-310000-2010-12.Publicad

Risk factors for postoperative complications after adrenalectomy for phaeochromocytoma: multicentre cohort study

Background: To determine the incidence and risk factors for postoperative complications and prolonged hospital stay after adrenalectomy for phaeochromocytoma. Methods: Demographics, perioperative outcomes and complications were evaluated for consecutive patients who underwent adrenalectomy for phaeochromocytoma from 2012 to 2020 in nine high-volume UK centres. Odds ratios were calculated using multivariable models. The primary outcome was postoperative complications according to the Clavien–­­Dindo classification and secondary outcome was duration of hospital stay. Results: Data were available for 406 patients (female n = 221, 54.4 per cent). Two patients (0.5 per cent) had perioperative death, whilst 148 complications were recorded in 109 (26.8 per cent) patients. On adjusted analysis, the age-adjusted Charlson Co-morbidity Index ≥3 (OR 8.09, 95 per cent c.i. 2.31 to 29.63, P = 0.001), laparoscopic converted to open (OR 10.34, 95 per cent c.i. 3.24 to 36.23,

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Enzimas fúngicas em dietas com alimentos alternativos para frangos de crescimento lento

The feeding represents most of the total cost of production and to reduce costs and increase the profit of the producer have been researched alternative food, as the pie of babassu palm, the pie of palm and the cassava bagasse, which show potential for use in feeding the chickens for slow growth, however, with limited use, due to the different grades of fiber. Non-starch polysaccharides make it difficult for digestible enzymes to reach the food, reducing the digestibility of nutrients. To minimize this effect, exogenous enzymes have been supplemented in poultry diets. Various sources can originate these additives, most of which are acquired through fermentation processes. The temperature, pH, substrate concentration and composition of the ingredients are factors that influence the enzymatic action and consequently the availability of the nutrients. Studies show that the use of fungal enzymes can increase the nutritional value of the food and improves the digestibility of nutrients, reflecting the productive efficiency, representing savings in production costs and benefits to the environment, however, it is necessary to evaluate the use in diets with alternative foods of Regional expression. Keywords: Zootechnical additives; Enzymatic activity; Non-starch polysaccharides.Su objetivo era abordar en esta revisión sobre las enzimas fúngicas y sus efectos sobre las dietas con alimentos alternativos para los pollos de crecimiento lento. La alimentación representa la mayor parte del coste total de la producción y reducir los costes y aumentar lucre del productor se han investigado alimento alternativo, tal como la torta de babasú, la torta de palmiste y bagazo de yuca, que demuestra el potencial para su uso em la alimentación pollos cateto, sin embargo, conun uso limitado debido a los diferentes contenidos de fibra. Polisacáridos no amiláceos dificultan el acceso de las enzimas digestible acerca de los alimentos, lo que reduce la digestibilidad de los nutrientes. Para minimizar este efecto, se han complementado enzimas exógenas em las dietas de las aves. Varias fuentes pueden originate a estos aditivos, la mayoría adquirida através de los procesos de fermentación. La temperatura, pH, concentración de sustrato y la composición de los ingredientes son factores que afectan a la actividad enzimática y, por consiguiente, la disponibilidad de nutrientes. Los estudios demuestran que el uso de enzimas de fúngicas puede aumentar el valor nutritivo de los alimentos y mejorar la digestibilidad de los nutrientes, lo que refleja la eficiência productiva, lo que representa un ahorro en los costes de producción y beneficios para el medio ambiente, sin embargo, es necessário evaluarel uso de dietas con alimento alternativo expresión regional. Descriptores: Aditivos zootécnicos; La actividad enzimática; Polisacáridos no amiláceos.Objetivou-se nesta revisão abordar sobre enzimas fúngicas e seus efeitos em dietas com alimentos alternativos para frangos de crescimento lento. A alimentação representa maior parte do custo total de produção e para reduzir os gastos e aumentar o lucro do produtor têm sido pesquisados alimentos alternativos, como a torta de babaçu, a torta de dendê e o bagaço de mandioca, que demonstram potencial de utilização na alimentação de frangos caipira, no entanto, com limitação de uso, devido os diferentes teores de fibra. Os polissacarídeos não amiláceos dificultam o acesso das enzimas digestíveis sobre o alimento, diminuindo a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Para minimizar esse efeito, têm sido suplementados enzimas exógenas nas dietas das aves. Várias fontes podem originar esses aditivos, sendo a maioria adquirida por meio dos processos fermentativos. A temperatura, o pH, a concentração do substrato e a composição dos ingredientes são fatores que influenciam a ação enzimática e, consequentemente, a disponibilidade dos nutrientes. O uso das enzimas fúngicas pode aumentar o valor nutricional do alimento e melhorar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, refletindo na eficiência produtiva, representando economia no custo de produção e benefícios ao meio ambiente, todavia, torna-se necessário avaliar o uso em dietas com alimentos alternativos de expressão regional