The Effect Posture on Sip Size Volume

Clinical observations suggest that many hospital patients and nursing home residents are given straw sips of thin liquids by others while reclining in bed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the sip size volume of healthy, young individuals when seated at differentiated angles to determine “average” sip size volumes at each angle. The results of this study will provide further information for future research regarding strategies that will potentially decrease the occurrence of aspiration in patients

Neuromatch Academy: a 3-week, online summer school in computational neuroscience

Neuromatch Academy (https://academy.neuromatch.io; (van Viegen et al., 2021)) was designed as an online summer school to cover the basics of computational neuroscience in three weeks. The materials cover dominant and emerging computational neuroscience tools, how they complement one another, and specifically focus on how they can help us to better understand how the brain functions. An original component of the materials is its focus on modeling choices, i.e. how do we choose the right approach, how do we build models, and how can we evaluate models to determine if they provide real (meaningful) insight. This meta-modeling component of the instructional materials asks what questions can be answered by different techniques, and how to apply them meaningfully to get insight about brain function

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions

Subjects of Interpretation: Second Language Acquisition by Jesuit Missionaries among the Northern Ojibwa, 1842–1880

This article focuses on second-language learning and “linguicide” in Upper Canada between 1843 and 1877. From the small group of Jesuits that made up the ranks of the Society of Jesus’ new missions to Canada in the post-suppression era, it was Jean Pierre Choné, Joseph Hanipaux, Nicholas Frémiot, and Dominique du Ranquet, August Kohler, Nicolas Point, and Joseph Jennesseaux that first learned Algonquin languages in order to proselytize to the Northern Ojibwa populations at the Upper Canada. The Upper Canada mission, led by superior Pierre Chazelle, re-established some of the Society of Jesus’ older Aboriginal missions, and expanded their evangelical territory north and west along Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Important stations were built among the Ojibwa at Wikwemikong on Manitoulin Island in 1844, in Sault Sainte Marie in 1846, and along the Pigeon and Kamanistikwa Rivers, near Fort William, in 1848. This paper examines why the new Jesuits were motivated to learn the languages spoken at their Aboriginal missions in the nineteenth century and simultaneously investigates how the massive and unexpected psychological challenges of the 1800s, including anti-Catholicism, British rule, mass immigration, and formidable industrial development in Upper Canada, supported or discouraged the Jesuits’ language acquisition.Cet article porte sur l’apprentissage de langues secondes par les Jésuites et la disparition des langues autochtones au Haut-Canada de 1834 à 1877. Les pères Jean-Pierre Choné, Joseph Hanipaux, Nicholas Frémiot, Dominique du Ranquet, August Kohler, Nicolas Point et Joseph Jennesseaux ont été parmi les premiers missionnaires jésuites venus au Canada au XIXe siècle à apprendre les langues algonquiennes. Leur but était alors de pouvoir évangéliser les populations Ojibwa du nord du Haut-Canada. La mission haut-canadienne, dirigée par le père Pierre Chazelle, a rétabli quelques-unes des anciennes missions jésuites et étendu leur territoire d’évangélisation au nord et à l’ouest, le long des lacs Huron et Supérieur. D’importantes missions furent établies parmi les Ojibwa à Wikwemikong sur l’île Manitoulin en 1844, à Sault-Sainte-Marie en 1846 et le long des rivières Pigeon et Kamanistikwa, près du Fort William, en 1848. Cet article explore à la fois les raisons ayant encouragé les missionnaires jésuites à apprendre les langues autochtones ainsi que l’influence que les importants défis du XIXe siècle (incluant l’anticatholicisme, la domination britannique, l’immigration des masses et l’extraordinaire développement industriel du Haut-Canada) ont eu sur les efforts des missionnaires pour acquérir de nouvelles langues

Réflexion théorique et expérientielle sur le développement des compétences du 21e siècle des élèves en classe flexible au primaire

Dans les milieux scolaires, les apprenant·e·s ont à développer les compétences du 21e siècle (C21) (gouvernement du Québec, 2019). La classe flexible, qui propose aux élèves différentes positions de travail afin qu’ils développent leurs compétences avec un maximum de confort et de concentration (Uline et al., 2010), pourrait être un environnement pédagogique propice au développement des C21 (GPAEA, 2014). Toutefois, on ignore les liens entre les C21 et la classe flexible en tant que réponse adaptative (Adams, sous presse). Le texte combine une réflexion théorique et un regard expérientiel sur la classe flexible afin d’illustrer en quoi elle permet de développer les C21

La circulation des céramiques byzantines, chypriotes et du Levant chrétien en Provence, Languedoc et Corse du Xe au XIVe s

International audienceCe premier inventaire met en lumière des céramiques byzantines, chypriotes et levantines retrouvées sur des sites archéologiques du Sud de la France. Marseille en est le port qui assure la redistribution des produits vers l'intérieur des terres. Le plus ancien artefact est un exceptionnel "chafing-dish" de l'an mil. Les autres catégories de matériel qui s'echelonent entre les 12e-14e siècles sont des amphores découvertes le long des côtes, des vaisselles de type "Zeuxippus ware", "Aegean Ware", et "Port Saint-Simeon Ware".La vaisselle culinaire levantine de Beyrouth est aussi représentée.Ces rares témoins importées de la Méditerranée orientale, sont arrivés soit en voie direct soit via Gênes ou Pise

Resonance and Transmission

Resonance and Transmission is a multi-part events programme exploring embodied entanglements with archival materials, overlooked feminist histories, and generational processes of knowledge transmission. Engaging with cultural and artistic responses to recorded histories, practices of appropriation, and corporeal memory, the series asks: What does it mean to resonate with a movement, an artist or an event? What does resonance mean and what does it permit? And what does it not attempt to do? How does resonance differ from appropriation? What is the role of the body in contacting, transmitting, remembering feminisms and other social movements? PROGRAMME 1. 7 October 2022, 1 PM EST | Online, Giulia Damiani Le Nemesiache in 1970s and 1980s Naples: a gallery tour, group reading, and conversation between Giulia Damiani and Helena Reckitt 2. 18 October 2022, 6 PM EST, Harold Offeh Online performance and selfie workshop by Harold Offeh 3. 10 November 2022, 6 PM EST, Sebastian De Line with Qanita Lilla Listening to the Vault: a conversation between Sebastian De Line and Qanita Lilla 4. 17 November 2022, 6 PM EST, Vanessa Parent Conjuring Resonance: Scrying Feminist Past

A qualitative study of health care providers’ uptake of the Project Extension for Community Health Outcomes (ECHO) for chronic pain

Introduction: There is an enormous need for pain education among all health care professions before and after licensure. The study goal was to explore generic and chronic pain–specific factors that influenced uptake of a continuous education program for chronic pain, the Project Extension for Community Health Outcomes (ECHO) CHUM Douleur chronique. Methods: The study team conducted 20 semistructured virtual interviews among participants of the program. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and two analysts used a reflexive thematic analysis approach to generate study themes. Results: Five aspects facilitating engagement, continued participation, and uptake of the Project ECHO were identified: rapid access to reliable information, appraising one’s knowledge, cultivating meaningful relationships, breaking the silos of learning and practice, and exponential possibilities of treatment orchestrations for a complex condition with no cure. Although participants’ experiences of the program was positive overall, some obstacles to engagement and continued participation were identified: heterogeneity of participants’ profiles, feelings of powerlessness and discouragement in the face of complex incurable pain conditions, challenges in applying recommendations, medical hierarchy, and missed opportunity for advocacy. Discussion: Many disease-specific and contextual factors contributed to an increased motivation to participate in the ECHO program. Some elements, such as the complexity of diagnosis and treatment, and the multidisciplinary requirements to manage cases were identified as elements motivating one’s participation in the program but also acting as a barrier to knowledge uptake. These must be understood in the broader systemic challenges of the current health care system and lack of resources to access allied health care