Una administración pública saludable a través de prácticas organizacionales saludables.

In the present study we have proposed a theoretical model based on Kopelman, Brief & Guzzo’s model (1990), in which transformational leadership is positioned as an antecedent of organizational climate, and the psychological capital, as a consequence of that climate. The theoretical model was tested using structural equations in a sample of 277 employees of a public Administration. The good fit of the data according to the revised goodness of fit indexes, both in the confirmatory analysis for each variable and in the structural model statistically validates our theoretical model, accepting the study hypotheses. This makes clear the need for the Administration to propose transformational leadership measures at the individual, team and organizational levels to strengthen the achievement of positive outcomes through positives organizational climate and psychological capital.En el presente estudio se muestra una propuesta teórica basada en el modelo de Kopelman, Brief y Guzzo (1990) en la que se ha posicionado al liderazgo transformacional como antecedente del clima organizacional, y al capital psicológico como consecuente de dicho clima. Nuestra propuesta ha sido probada haciendo uso de ecuaciones estructurales en una muestra compuesta por 277 empleados de una Administración pública. El buen ajuste de los datos según los índices de bondad de ajuste revisados, tanto en los análisis confirmatorios para cada variable como del modelo estructural final valida estadísticamente nuestra propuesta teórica, aceptándose las hipótesis de estudio. Se hace de esta manera evidente la necesidad de que la Administración plantee medidas basadas en el liderazgo transformacional a nivel individual, de equipos de trabajo y de organización para fortalecer la consecución de resultados organizacionales positivos a través de un clima organizacional y un capital psicológico positivos

Standalone Photovoltaic Direct Pumping in Urban Water Pressurized Networks with Energy Storage in Tanks or Batteries

[EN] Photovoltaic energy production is nowadays one of the hottest topics in the water industry as this green energy source is becoming more and more workable in countries like Spain, with high values of irradiance. In water pressurized systems supplying urban areas, they distribute energy consumption in pumps throughout the day, and it is not possible to supply electromechanical devices without energy storages such as batteries. Additionally, it is not possible to manage energy demand for water consumption. Researchers and practitioners have proven batteries to be reliable energy storage systems, and are undertaking many efforts to increase their performance, capacity, and useful life. Water pressurized networks incorporate tanks as devices used for accumulating water during low consumption hours while releasing it in peak hours. The compensation tanks work here as a mass and energy source in water pressurized networks supplied with photovoltaic arrays (not electricity grids). This work intends to compare which of these two energy storage systems are better and how to choose between them considering that these two systems involve running the network as a standalone pumping system without being connected to electricity grids. This work also calculates the intermediate results, considering both photovoltaic arrays and electricity grids for supplying electricity to pumping systems. We then analyzed these three cases in a synthetic network (used in earlier research) considering the effect of irradiation and water consumption, as we did not state which should be the most unfavorable month given that higher irradiance coincides with higher water consumption (i.e., during summer). Results show that there is no universal solution as energy consumption depends on the network features and that energy production depends very much on latitude. We based the portfolio of alternatives on investments for purchasing different equipment at present (batteries, pipelines, etc.) based on economic criteria so that the payback period is the indicator used for finding the best alternative, which is the one with the lowest value.This work was supported by the research project "GESAEN" through the 2016 call of the Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion from the University of Alicante, GRE-16-08.Pardo, MA.; Cobacho Jordán, R.; Bañón, L. (2020). Standalone Photovoltaic Direct Pumping in Urban Water Pressurized Networks with Energy Storage in Tanks or Batteries. Sustainability. 12(2):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020738S120122Bijl, D. L., Bogaart, P. W., Kram, T., de Vries, B. J. M., & van Vuuren, D. P. (2016). Long-term water demand for electricity, industry and households. Environmental Science & Policy, 55, 75-86. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.09.005Breadsell, J. K., Byrne, J. J., & Morrison, G. M. (2019). Household Energy and Water Practices Change Post-Occupancy in an Australian Low-Carbon Development. Sustainability, 11(20), 5559. doi:10.3390/su11205559Watson, K. J. (2015). Understanding the role of building management in the low-energy performance of passive sustainable design: Practices of natural ventilation in a UK office building. Indoor and Built Environment, 24(7), 999-1009. doi:10.1177/1420326x15601478Berry, S., & Davidson, K. (2015). Zero energy homes – Are they economically viable? Energy Policy, 85, 12-21. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2015.05.009Wittenberg, I., & Matthies, E. (2016). Solar policy and practice in Germany: How do residential households with solar panels use electricity? Energy Research & Social Science, 21, 199-211. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2016.07.008Alghamdi, A., Haider, H., Hewage, K., & Sadiq, R. (2019). Inter-University Sustainability Benchmarking for Canadian Higher Education Institutions: Water, Energy, and Carbon Flows for Technical-Level Decision-Making. Sustainability, 11(9), 2599. doi:10.3390/su11092599Hardy, L., Garrido, A., & Juana, L. (2012). Evaluation of Spain’s Water-Energy Nexus. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 28(1), 151-170. doi:10.1080/07900627.2012.642240Cucchiella, F., D’Adamo, I., Gastaldi, M., & Stornelli, V. (2018). Solar Photovoltaic Panels Combined with Energy Storage in a Residential Building: An Economic Analysis. Sustainability, 10(9), 3117. doi:10.3390/su10093117Zsiborács, H., Hegedűsné Baranyai, N., Vincze, A., Háber, I., & Pintér, G. (2018). Economic and Technical Aspects of Flexible Storage Photovoltaic Systems in Europe. Energies, 11(6), 1445. doi:10.3390/en11061445Roncero-Sánchez, P., Parreño Torres, A., & Vázquez, J. (2018). Control Scheme of a Concentration Photovoltaic Plant with a Hybrid Energy Storage System Connected to the Grid. Energies, 11(2), 301. doi:10.3390/en11020301Chen, J., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Bao, G., Ge, X., & Li, P. (2018). A Hierarchical Optimal Operation Strategy of Hybrid Energy Storage System in Distribution Networks with High Photovoltaic Penetration. Energies, 11(2), 389. doi:10.3390/en11020389Reca, J., Torrente, C., López-Luque, R., & Martínez, J. (2016). Feasibility analysis of a standalone direct pumping photovoltaic system for irrigation in Mediterranean greenhouses. Renewable Energy, 85, 1143-1154. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.056Senol, R. (2012). An analysis of solar energy and irrigation systems in Turkey. Energy Policy, 47, 478-486. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.049Tarjuelo, J. M., Rodriguez-Diaz, J. A., Abadía, R., Camacho, E., Rocamora, C., & Moreno, M. A. (2015). Efficient water and energy use in irrigation modernization: Lessons from Spanish case studies. Agricultural Water Management, 162, 67-77. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2015.08.009Chandel, S. S., Nagaraju Naik, M., & Chandel, R. (2015). Review of solar photovoltaic water pumping system technology for irrigation and community drinking water supplies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, 1084-1099. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.083Córcoles, J., Gonzalez Perea, R., Izquiel, A., & Moreno, M. (2019). Decision Support System Tool to Reduce the Energy Consumption of Water Abstraction from Aquifers for Irrigation. Water, 11(2), 323. doi:10.3390/w11020323Betka, A., & Attali, A. (2010). Optimization of a photovoltaic pumping system based on the optimal control theory. Solar Energy, 84(7), 1273-1283. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2010.04.004Elkholy, M. M., & Fathy, A. (2016). Optimization of a PV fed water pumping system without storage based on teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm and artificial neural network. Solar Energy, 139, 199-212. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.09.022Narvarte, L., Fernández-Ramos, J., Martínez-Moreno, F., Carrasco, L. M., Almeida, R. H., & Carrêlo, I. B. (2018). Solutions for adapting photovoltaics to large power irrigation systems for agriculture. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 29, 119-130. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2018.07.004Mohanty, A., Ray, P. K., Viswavandya, M., Mohanty, S., & Mohanty, P. P. (2018). Experimental analysis of a standalone solar photo voltaic cell for improved power quality. Optik, 171, 876-885. doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.06.139Mérida García, A., Fernández García, I., Camacho Poyato, E., Montesinos Barrios, P., & Rodríguez Díaz, J. A. (2018). Coupling irrigation scheduling with solar energy production in a smart irrigation management system. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 670-682. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.093Pardo Picazo, M., Juárez, J., & García-Márquez, D. (2018). Energy Consumption Optimization in Irrigation Networks Supplied by a Standalone Direct Pumping Photovoltaic System. Sustainability, 10(11), 4203. doi:10.3390/su10114203González Perea, R., Mérida García, A., Fernández García, I., Camacho Poyato, E., Montesinos, P., & Rodríguez Díaz, J. A. (2019). Middleware to Operate Smart Photovoltaic Irrigation Systems in Real Time. Water, 11(7), 1508. doi:10.3390/w11071508Wetzel, T., & Borchers, S. (2014). Update of energy payback time and greenhouse gas emission data for crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 23(10), 1429-1435. doi:10.1002/pip.2548Kou, Q., Klein, S. A., & Beckman, W. A. (1998). A method for estimating the long-term performance of direct-coupled PV pumping systems. Solar Energy, 64(1-3), 33-40. doi:10.1016/s0038-092x(98)00049-8Meah, K., Fletcher, S., & Ula, S. (2008). Solar photovoltaic water pumping for remote locations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(2), 472-487. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2006.10.008Child, M., Haukkala, T., & Breyer, C. (2017). The Role of Solar Photovoltaics and Energy Storage Solutions in a 100% Renewable Energy System for Finland in 2050. Sustainability, 9(8), 1358. doi:10.3390/su9081358Wong, J., Lim, Y. S., Tang, J. H., & Morris, E. (2014). Grid-connected photovoltaic system in Malaysia: A review on voltage issues. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 535-545. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.087Arab, A. H., Chenlo, F., Mukadam, K., & Balenzategui, J. L. (1999). Performance of PV water pumping systems. Renewable Energy, 18(2), 191-204. doi:10.1016/s0960-1481(98)00780-0Muhsen, D. H., Khatib, T., & Abdulabbas, T. E. (2018). Sizing of a standalone photovoltaic water pumping system using hybrid multi-criteria decision making methods. Solar Energy, 159, 1003-1015. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2017.11.044Khatib, T., Ibrahim, I. A., & Mohamed, A. (2016). A review on sizing methodologies of photovoltaic array and storage battery in a standalone photovoltaic system. Energy Conversion and Management, 120, 430-448. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.05.011Li, C.-H., Zhu, X.-J., Cao, G.-Y., Sui, S., & Hu, M.-R. (2009). Dynamic modeling and sizing optimization of stand-alone photovoltaic power systems using hybrid energy storage technology. Renewable Energy, 34(3), 815-826. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2008.04.018Ru, Y., Kleissl, J., & Martinez, S. (2013). Storage Size Determination for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 4(1), 68-81. doi:10.1109/tste.2012.2199339Narvarte, L., Almeida, R. H., Carrêlo, I. B., Rodríguez, L., Carrasco, L. M., & Martinez-Moreno, F. (2019). On the number of PV modules in series for large-power irrigation systems. Energy Conversion and Management, 186, 516-525. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.03.001Yu, C., Khoo, Y., Chai, J., Han, S., & Yao, J. (2019). Optimal Orientation and Tilt Angle for Maximizing in-Plane Solar Irradiation for PV Applications in Japan. Sustainability, 11(7), 2016. doi:10.3390/su11072016Hailu, & Fung. (2019). Optimum Tilt Angle and Orientation of Photovoltaic Thermal System for Application in Greater Toronto Area, Canada. Sustainability, 11(22), 6443. doi:10.3390/su11226443Mérida García, A., Gallagher, J., McNabola, A., Camacho Poyato, E., Montesinos Barrios, P., & Rodríguez Díaz, J. A. (2019). Comparing the environmental and economic impacts of on- or off-grid solar photovoltaics with traditional energy sources for rural irrigation systems. Renewable Energy, 140, 895-904. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.03.122Seme, S., Lukač, N., Štumberger, B., & Hadžiselimović, M. (2017). Power quality experimental analysis of grid-connected photovoltaic systems in urban distribution networks. Energy, 139, 1261-1266. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.088Sugihara, H., Yokoyama, K., Saeki, O., Tsuji, K., & Funaki, T. (2013). Economic and Efficient Voltage Management Using Customer-Owned Energy Storage Systems in a Distribution Network With High Penetration of Photovoltaic Systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 28(1), 102-111. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2012.2196529Pardo, M. Á., Manzano, J., Valdes-Abellan, J., & Cobacho, R. (2019). Standalone direct pumping photovoltaic system or energy storage in batteries for supplying irrigation networks. Cost analysis. Science of The Total Environment, 673, 821-830. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.050Batchabani, E., & Fuamba, M. (2014). Optimal Tank Design in Water Distribution Networks: Review of Literature and Perspectives. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 140(2), 136-145. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000256Kurek, W., & Ostfeld, A. (2013). Multi-objective optimization of water quality, pumps operation, and storage sizing of water distribution systems. Journal of Environmental Management, 115, 189-197. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.030Sarbu, I. (2016). A Study of Energy Optimisation of Urban Water Distribution Systems Using Potential Elements. Water, 8(12), 593. doi:10.3390/w8120593Gómez, E., Cabrera, E., Balaguer, M., & Soriano, J. (2015). Direct and Indirect Water Supply: An Energy Assessment. Procedia Engineering, 119, 1088-1097. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.941Hamidat, A., & Benyoucef, B. (2009). Systematic procedures for sizing photovoltaic pumping system, using water tank storage. Energy Policy, 37(4), 1489-1501. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.014Ould Amrouche, S., Rekioua, D., Rekioua, T., & Bacha, S. (2016). Overview of energy storage in renewable energy systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(45), 20914-20927. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.243Üçtuğ, F. G., & Azapagic, A. (2018). Environmental impacts of small-scale hybrid energy systems: Coupling solar photovoltaics and lithium-ion batteries. Science of The Total Environment, 643, 1579-1589. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.290Rydh, C. J., & Sandén, B. A. (2005). Energy analysis of batteries in photovoltaic systems. Part I: Performance and energy requirements. Energy Conversion and Management, 46(11-12), 1957-1979. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2004.10.003Todde, G., Murgia, L., Deligios, P. A., Hogan, R., Carrelo, I., Moreira, M., … Narvarte, L. (2019). Energy and environmental performances of hybrid photovoltaic irrigation systems in Mediterranean intensive and super-intensive olive orchards. Science of The Total Environment, 651, 2514-2523. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.175Ghorbanian, V., Karney, B., & Guo, Y. (2016). Pressure Standards in Water Distribution Systems: Reflection on Current Practice with Consideration of Some Unresolved Issues. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 142(8), 04016023. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000665Giustolisi, O., Savic, D., & Kapelan, Z. (2008). Pressure-Driven Demand and Leakage Simulation for Water Distribution Networks. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 134(5), 626-635. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2008)134:5(626)Cabrera, E., Pardo, M. A., Cabrera, E., & Arregui, F. J. (2012). Tap Water Costs and Service Sustainability, a Close Relationship. Water Resources Management, 27(1), 239-253. doi:10.1007/s11269-012-0181-3Vindel, J. M., Polo, J., & Zarzalejo, L. F. (2015). Modeling monthly mean variation of the solar global irradiation. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 122, 108-118. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2014.11.008Balling, R. C., Gober, P., & Jones, N. (2008). Sensitivity of residential water consumption to variations in climate: An intraurban analysis of Phoenix, Arizona. Water Resources Research, 44(10). doi:10.1029/2007wr006722Hoekstra, A. Y., Mekonnen, M. M., Chapagain, A. K., Mathews, R. E., & Richter, B. D. (2012). Global Monthly Water Scarcity: Blue Water Footprints versus Blue Water Availability. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e32688. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032688Kleiner, Y., & Rajani, B. (2001). Comprehensive review of structural deterioration of water mains: statistical models. Urban Water, 3(3), 131-150. doi:10.1016/s1462-0758(01)00033-4Cabrera, E., Pardo, M. A., Cobacho, R., & Cabrera, E. (2010). Energy Audit of Water Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 136(6), 669-677. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000077Ebara Grupos de Presión Automáticos http://www.ebara.e

Martínez Garnica, Armando. 2012 Historia de la Guardia Colombiana Bucaramanga: Universidad Industrial de Santander - Colección bicentenario ISBN: 978-958-8777-03-0

El autor realiza un estudio del proceso ideológico y político que condujo a la eliminación del ejército permanente de la Nueva Granada, la creación de la Guardia Colombiana y de los ejércitos estatales durante el periodo federal y el establecimiento del Ejército Nacional en 1886. Para llevar a cabo este estudio, el libro es dividido en cinco capítulos: el primero parte del tránsito ideológico que permitió la creación de la Guardia Colombiana bajo el ideario radical, influenciado por la definición que las constituciones francesas de 1791, 1793 y 1795

El gasto militar en el Estado de Bolívar 1859-1886

1 recurso en línea (páginas 125-161).State of Bolívar between the years of 1859 and 1889, during the governments of radical liberalism in the United States of Colombia. The data for this research was compiled from the Gaceta de Bolívar and other oficial documents, such as the public annual budgets of the State. The interest of this research was the expense analysis of the administrative department of the milicia. The main objective was to demostrate how the politics of radical liberalism focused on iscal and military descentralization, with the aim of strengthening local powers, handing over the control and administration of the financial resources of the State of Bolívar and its milicia to the regional elite. For this purpose, this research analyzes the forms of financing in the State militia and the internal costs of its functioning, accounting for the scarce budget allocation for paying wages, war material, military education and health service. This led to a practice by which the State militia demanded private funding from society in order to cover expropriations and loans, the necessary budget lines for its organization and operation.En el presente artículo, estudio la evolución del gasto militar en el Estado de Bolívar, entre los años de 1859 y 1886, durante los gobiernos del liberalismo radical en los Estados Unidos de Colombia. Para ello, compilé a través de la Gaceta de Bolívar y otros documentos oficiales, los presupuestos públicos anuales del Estado, centrando mi interés en analizar el gasto en el departamento administrativo de la milicia. Mi objetivo principal es mostrar, cómo las políticas del liberalismo radical se enfocaron en la descentralización fiscal y militar, con el in de fortalecer a los poderes locales, cediéndole a las élites regionales el control y la administración de los recursos del Estado de Bolívar y de su milicia. Para lograr este objetivo,indagué por las formas de financiación de la milicia del Estado y los gastos internos para su funcionamiento, dando cuenta de la escasa partida presupuestal para pagar sueldos, material de guerra, educación y sanidad militar, lo que conllevó a que en la práctica la milicia estatal reclamara de la sociedad a través de recursos privados, las expropiaciones y los empréstitos, los rubros necesarios para su organización y funcionamiento.Dans cet article nous étudions les dépenses militaires de l’État de Bolivar entre 1859 et 1886 au temps du libéralisme radical des Etats-Unis de Colombie. Pour analyser les dépenses du département administratif de la milice, nous avons collecté dans la Gaceta de Bolívar et dans d’autres documents oficiels les budgets publics annuels de l’État. Notre but est de montrer comment les politiques du libéralisme radical, qui se distinguaient par la décentralisation iscal et militaire, ont permis de renforcer les pouvoirs locaux et de concéder aux élites régionales le contrôle et à la gestion des ressources de l’État de Bolivar et de sa milice. Pour ce faire, nous avons cherché à connaître les formes de inancement de la milice de l’État et son fonctionnement en détail, ce qui nous a emmené à constater que les rubriques budgétaires allouées aux salaires, au matériel de guerre, à l’éducation et à la santé militaire étaient clairement insufisantes et que la milice de l’État devait recourir à la société, par le biais des ressources privés, expropriations et emprunts, pour obtenir l’argent nécessaire à son organisation et fonctionnement.Bibliografía: páginas 156-161.Artículo de investigación revisado por pares académicos

El debate político y la guerra civil en el estado de Bolívar y la confederación Granadina (1859-1862).

The present article studies the causes of the Civil War 1859 - 1862 in the state of Bolívar and the Grenadine Confederation. On the one hand, focuses on the partisan political showdown to determine the scope of the national legislation of 1859 in the States of the Confederacy; on the other hand, explores the consequences of the enactment of national laws and the reasons 1859, at local and regional level, the participation of the State of Bolivar in the civil war. To achieve our purpose, we focus on disputes between the central government and provincial authorities to determine the law that best respond to the interests of regional elites in power; so that the study of the legal debate between liberal and conservative parties to monopolize and control the elections, public charges, rents, justice and weapons were critical issues in the articulation of partisan factions with different socio-economic groups to provincial, who fought from the localities to establish a new constitutional order.El presente escrito estudia los antecedentes políticos de la guerra civil de 1859- 1862 en el Estado de Bolívar y en la Confederación Granadina. Por una parte, centra su atención en el enfrentamiento político partidista por determinar el alcance de la legislación nacional de 1859 en los Estados de la Confederación; por otra parte, explora las consecuencias de la promulgación de las leyes nacionales de 1859 como los motivos, a nivel local y regional, de la participación del Estado de Bolívar en la guerra civil. Para lograr nuestro propósito, nos enfocamos en las disputas entre el poder central y los poderes provinciales por determinar la legislación que mejor respondiera a los intereses de las élites en el poder regional; de manera que el estudio del debate jurídico entre los partidos liberal y conservador por monopolizar y controlar las elecciones, los cargos públicos, las rentas, la justicia y las armas, fueron temas determinantes en la articulación de las facciones partidistas con distintos grupos socioeconómicos de poder provincial, que se enfrentaron desde las localidades por establecer un nuevo orden constitucional

Political and military government in the sovereing state of Bolivar 1857- 1886

This article examines the process of the army building in the Sovereign State ofBolivar in the years 1857-1886, describing the organization of the armed force from itslegal and constitutional foundations, the political and military control over the armed body and its relationship with the powers of the State of Bolivar. It also analyses themilitary regulations and the laws that supported their existence by measuring how farthese were met and gave some legitimacy against illegal armed groups that clashedrepeatedly with the public armed force, distinguishing the legitimate army from thepeasant militias of the region.Keywords: military insituttion, military legislation, militia, federal state.El presente artículo examina el proceso de construcción del cuerpo armado en el EstadoSoberano de Bolívar en los años de 1857-1886, describiendo la organización del mismoa partir de sus bases legales y constitucionales, el control político y militar sobre elcuerpo armado y su relación con los poderes del Estado de Bolívar. Se realizó un análisisde la normativa militar y de las leyes que respaldaron su existencia, midiendo hastaqué punto estas se cumplieron y le dieron cierta legitimidad frente a los grupos ilegalesque se enfrentaron en repetidas ocasiones a la fuerza pública legítima, diferenciando alcuerpo armado legítimo del Estado de las “montoneras” regionales.Palabras clave: Institución Militar, Legislación Militar, Milicia, Estado Soberano.

Gobierno político y militar en el Estado soberano de Bolívar 1857-1886

El presente artículo examina el proceso de construcción del cuerpo armado en el EstadoSoberano de Bolívar en los años de 1857-1886, describiendo la organización del mismoa partir de sus bases legales y constitucionales, el control político y militar sobre elcuerpo armado y su relación con los poderes del Estado de Bolívar. Se realizó un análisisde la normativa militar y de las leyes que respaldaron su existencia, midiendo hastaqué punto estas se cumplieron y le dieron cierta legitimidad frente a los grupos ilegalesque se enfrentaron en repetidas ocasiones a la fuerza pública legítima, diferenciando alcuerpo armado legítimo del Estado de las “montoneras” regionales.Palabras clave: Institución Militar, Legislación Militar, Milicia, Estado Soberano. This article examines the process of the army building in the Sovereign State ofBolivar in the years 1857-1886, describing the organization of the armed force from itslegal and constitutional foundations, the political and military control over the armed body and its relationship with the powers of the State of Bolivar. It also analyses themilitary regulations and the laws that supported their existence by measuring how farthese were met and gave some legitimacy against illegal armed groups that clashedrepeatedly with the public armed force, distinguishing the legitimate army from thepeasant militias of the region.Keywords: military insituttion, military legislation, militia, federal state

Reseña del libro martínez garnica, armando. 2012 historia de la guardia colombiana bucaramanga: universidad industrial de santander - colección bicentenario isbn: 978-958-8777-03-0

El autor realiza un estudio del proceso ideológico y político que condujo a la eliminación del ejército permanente de la Nueva Granada, la creación de la Guardia Colombiana y de los ejércitos estatales durante el periodo federal y el establecimiento del Ejército Nacional en 1886. Para llevar a cabo este estudio, el libro es dividido en cinco capítulos: el primero parte del tránsito ideológico que permitió la creación de la Guardia Colombiana bajo el ideario radical, influenciado por la definición que las constituciones francesas de 1791, 1793 y 1795

Le développement du conflit armé dans l’État de Bolivar et sa participation à la guerre national de 1859-1862 dans la Confédération grenadine

En el presente artículo nos proponemos describir el desarrollo del conflicto armado en el Estado de Bolívar y su participación en la guerra nacional de 1859-1862 en la Confederación Granadina. Para ello, estudiamos los cuerpos armados partidistas, su forma organizativa, la estrategia bélica, la geografía de la guerra, y los resultados de la guerra civil. De esta manera, pretendemos establecer la relación entre el conflicto armado, la construcción del Estado colombiano y la articulación de las élites locales y regionales en la consolidación de grupos de poder nacional a través del control partidista del ente militar.In this article our aim is to describe the development of the armed conflict in the State of Bolivar and its participation in the 1859-1862 national war in the Grenadine Confederation. To that end, we studied the partisan armed groups, their organizational structure, their war strategy, the geography of the war, and the results of the Civil War. By means of this article, we intend to establish the relationship between the armed conflict,the formation of the Colombian State and the articulation of the local and regional elites in the consolidation of national power groups through the partisan control of the military forces.Neste trabalho nos propomos a descrever o desenvolvimento do conflito armado no Estado de Bolívar e sua participação na guerra nacional de 1859-1862 na Confederação Granadina. Com esse objetivo, estudamos os corpos armados partidários, sua forma organizativa, a estratégia bélica, a geografia da guerra, e os resultados da guerra civil. Desta forma, pretende-se estabelecer a relação entre o conflito armado, a construção do Estado colombiano e a articulação das elites locais e regionais na consolidação de grupos de poder nacionais através do controle partidário da força militar.Cet article indique le développement du conflit armé dans l’État de Bolivar et sa participation à la guerre national de 1859-1862 dans la Confédération grenadine. Pour cela, on étude les corps armés partisans, s’organisation, la stratégie de guerre, la géographie de la guerre et les résultats de la guerre civile. De cette manière, on veut établir la relation entre le conflit armé, la construction de l’État Colombien et l’articulation des l’éliteslocales et régionales dans la consolidation de groupes de pouvoir nationaux à travers du control partisan de l’entité militaire