Correlating magnetic fabrics with finite strain : comparing results from mudrocks in the Variscan and Appalachian Orogens

New magnetic anisotropy data from Variscan mudstones collected in the Cantabrian Arc, N Spain constrain the corresponding strain (shortening). The results are based on our previous study of mudrocks from the Valley and Ridge Province (Appalachians) where independent strain quantification of pencil structures permitted a correlation between magnetic fabric and tectonic strain. An exponential relationship between the AMS shape parameter T and tectonic shortening was found for the interval of 10-25% shortening: shortening (%)=17*exp(T), relationship that appears to be supported by tectonic strains up to 40%. The T parameter describes the shape of the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid, which in pelitic rocks appears more sensitive to strain than the degree of anisotropy parameter P (or P'). In mudrocks from the Cantabrian Arc a positive correlation between T parameter and deformation intensity, reflected by cleavage domains spacing, is observed. Using the above relationship, we estimate the range of tectonic shortening for the Cantabrian mudstones. The correlation between strain and AMS offers a robust estimate of strain magnitude of 10-40% in weakly to moderately deformed clay-rich rocks, where other strain indicators are often lacking or are poorly preserved

Evaluación del efecto de varios fungicidas sobre la simbiosis micorrícica entre dos especies de Glomus presentes en inóculos comerciales y plántulas de Allium porrum L.

This paper reports the effect of twenty-five commonly used fungicides in agriculture on two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) present in commercial products of ATENS, S.L.: Glomus intraradices (Schenck & Smith) and Glomus mosseae [(Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe], forming the symbiosis with leek plants. Systemic fungicides (Aliette, Beltanol, Caddy 10, Forum, Moncut, Ortiva, Previcur, Ridomil Gold MZ, Ridomil Gold SL, Rubigan, Sinthane, Stroby, Swich, Tachigarem, Teldor, Topas 10 EC, Frupica) and non systemic fungicides (Daconil 75%, Ditiver, Euparem, INACOP, Octagón, Parmex, Terrazole and Metaram), started to be applied to soil and leaves at recommended concentrations and frequencies 4 weeks after transplant and AMF inoculation. The effect of the fungicides was assessed by comparing treated and untreated plants that were inoculated with the AMF through quantification of root mycorrhizal colonization. Among the fungicides applied to the soil, Octagon, Ditiver, Parmex and Metaram virtually eliminated the mycorrhizal symbiosis in treated plants, while the mycorrhizal colonization was not affected by the soil treatment with Beltanol, INACOP and Previcur. Three fungicides of foliar recommended application: Rubigan, Frupica, and Sinthane, strongly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization, but Aliette, Forum, Teldor, Swich and Ortiva, did not seem to reduce it substantially. In addition, the work describes the individual effect of each fungicide applied on both, foliage and soil. Se han evaluado 25 fungicidas comerciales usados comúnmente en agricultura, sobre dos especies de hongos formadores de micorriza arbuscular (HMA) presentes en productos comerciales de ATENS, S.L (Glomus intraradices (Schenck & Smith), y Glomus mosseae [(Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe], en simbiosis con las raíces de plántulas de puerro. Tanto los fungicidas sistémicos (Aliette, Beltanol, Caddy 10, Forum, Moncut, Ortiva, Previcur, Ridomil Gold MZ, Ridomil Gold SL, Rubigan, Sinthane, Stroby, Swich, Tachigarem, Teldor, Topas 10 EC y Frupica) como los no sistémicos (Daconil 75%, Ditiver, Euparem, INACOP, Octagón, Parmex, Terrazole y Metaram), comenzaron a aplicarse al suelo y a las hojas de las plantas, 4 semanas después del trasplante e inoculación con HMA, usando las dosis y frecuencias recomendadas por el fabricante. Se compararon los efectos de los compuestos fungicidas por medio del análisis de la colonización micorrícica de las raíces en plantas tratadas y no tratadas. Los fungicidas ensayados con aplicación recomendada al suelo: Octagón, Ditiver, Parmex y Metaram, eliminaron prácticamente la simbiosis micorriza en las plantas tratadas. Sin embargo, la micorriza no sufrió ningún tipo de afectación con los tratamientos dirigidos a suelo de Beltanol, INACOP y Previcur. Tres de los fungicidas de aplicación recomendadas por vía foliar: Rubigan, Frupica y Sinthane, inhibieron fuertemente la colonización micorrícica, a diferencia de Aliette, Forum, Teldor, Swich y Ortiva, que no parecen inhibirla de manera substancial. Se describe además en el trabajo el efecto individual de cada fungicida, aplicado tanto a nivel foliar como de suelo

Bounds of functional outputs for parabolic problems. Part II: Bounds of the exact solution

The paper introduces a methodology to compute upper and lower bounds for linear-functional outputs of the exact solutions of parabolic problems. In this second part, the bounds account for the error both in space and time. The assumption stating that the error introduced by the time marching scheme is negligible, used in the first part, is removed here. The bounds are computed starting from an approximation of the exact solution, associated with a spatial mesh and a time grid. Nevertheless, the bounds are guaranteed with respect to the exact solution, with no reference to any mesh or time discretization

Evolución y simbiosis de las propensiones esenciales en el escenario de la enseñanza de las ciencias experimentales

The main prospects on science teaching are analyzed. The recent paradiglns in computer technology have enabled the development of a second generation of instructional design. Additionally, breakthroughs in neuroscience provide a new focus to ecology in the field of science teaching in the general scenario defined by the theory of evolution. The authors have the conviction that the time has arrived for a new curriculum in sciences based on a symbiosis between computer technology, instructional design and neurobiology. As a consequence, curricular projects in sciences must be especially centered upon neuronal education. Finally, the incidence cif the science of complexity and the concept edge of chaos in education is considered

Phyllosilicate fabric characterization by Low‐Temperature Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (LT‐AMS)

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94895/1/grl16043.pd

Detection of Symmetries in Cattle Skulls

A sample of adult individuals from two ethnological groups (“European” n=36 and “African” n=10) that exhibited a normal craniofacial phenotype on their dorsal aspect was studied by means of geometric morphometric methods. Eleven landmarks were selected, corresponding to the neurocranium and viscerocranium. Both fluctuating as directional asymmetries were detected. The latter accounted for the largest proportion of the total variation, causing the main variation in symmetric shape, the former being higher in Kuri cattle. Detected fluctuating asymmetries could indicate an overall poor quality or general low health condition of individuals, due to the harder conditions (climatic, tropical) in which Kuri breed must thrive. Detected directional asymmetry, on the other side, could reflect just a mere functional lateralization of Bos taurus, as it has been established for other domestic animals