ANALISIS PENGEMBANGAN KAWASAN PERBATASAN DAN WILAYAH TERLUAR DI PULAU MARAMPIT, KECAMATAN NANUSA KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN TALAUD

Perkembangan wilayah yang tidak merata baik dari segi ekonomi maupun pembangunan merupakan satu dari sekian banyak masalah yang dihadapi setiap negara, pada dasarnya ketimpangan ini disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan sumber daya alam dan perbedaan kondisi geografi yang terdapat pada masing-masing wilayah. kawasan perbatasan merupakan wilayah yang sangat strategis bagi pertahanan dan keamanan negara, Pulau terluar diistilakan sebagai pulua-pulau kecil terluar yang merupakan garis depan nusantara. Berada pada kawasan paling utara Sulawesi utara Pulau Marampit merupakan salah satu kawasan perbatasan dan pulau terluar yang dimiliki oleh Kabupaten Talaud. Letak pulau yang sangat strategis karena berbatasan langsung dengan negara filipihina dan juga menjadi salah satu pulau kecil terluar. Pulau ini umumnya berupa dataran rendah dengan hamparan pasir putih yang mengelilingi pulau ini memiliki potensi alam yang beragam yaitu potensi perikanan, perkebunan dan pariwisata namun belum dimnfaatkan secara maksimal. Minimnya infrastuktur seperti drainase dan akesesibilitas keluar masuk yang sulit menjadikan suatu permasalahan yang terdapat pada Pulau Marampit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat ketersediaan dan kebutuhan serta potensi-potensi paling potensial untuk dikembangkan dan kemudian memberikan rekomendasi bagi pemerintah sekitar untuk memprioritaskan pembangunan prasaranan sarana yang masih kurang dari pulau ini. Hasil analisis deskriptif menemukan bahwa prasarana yang masih sangat kurang adalah drainase. Drainase hanya terdapat di desa laluhe sedangkan di desa lainnya tidak tersedia. Selanjutnya alat analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis SWOT dengan menggunakan matriks IFAS dan EFAS. Dari hasil scoring ditemukan bahwa potensi alam yang paling potensial untuk dikembangkan adalah potensi perikanan. Matriks SWOT menunjukan arahan dan strategi pengembangan potensi perikanan dengan penambahan prasarana dan sarana seperti tambatan perahu, Bumdes dan SPBU mini untuk menunjang pengembangan potensi perikanan di Pulau Marampit. Kata Kunci  : Pengembangan Wilayah, Kawasan Perbatasan, Wilayah Terluar , Pulau-Pulau Kecil Terlua

HPV16 E1^E4 protein is phosphorylated by Cdk2/cyclin A and relocalizes this complex to the cytoplasm

AbstractThe human papillomavirus type 16 E1^E4 protein is expressed abundantly in cells supporting viral DNA amplification, but its expression is lost during malignant progression. In cell culture, 16E1^E4 causes G2 cell cycle arrest by associating with and preventing the nuclear entry of Cdk1/cyclin B1 complexes. Here, we show that 16E1^E4 is also able to associate with cyclin A and Cdk2 during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Only a weak association was apparent during S-phase, and progression through S-phase appeared unaffected. As with cyclin B1, the interaction of 16E1^E4 with cyclin A is dependent on residues T22/T23 and results in the accumulation of cyclin A in the cytoplasm where it colocalizes with 16E1^E4. 16E1^E4 serine 32 was found to be phosphorylated by Cdk2/cyclin A. We hypothesize that the interaction of 16E1^E4 with cyclin A may serve to increase the efficiency with which 16E1^E4 is able to prevent mitotic entry

ANALISIS KESESUAIAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN PERMUKIMAN BERBASIS (SIG) SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFI DI KECAMATAN MAPANGET KOTA MANADO

Penetapan deliniasi Kota Baru Manado, ditetapkan pengembangannya diarahkan pada Kecamatan Mapanget, dengan luas mencapai sekitar ± 5.160 Ha wilayah Kecamatan Mapanget yang terdiri dari 10 kelurahan. Menurut Perda Kota Manado Nomor 1 Tahun 2014 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Manado, kawasan Mapanget ditargetkan menjadi pusat pemerintahan provinsi maupun daerah. Kebijakan ini menyebutkan terdapat 4 kelurahan di Kecamatan Mapanget yang menjadi Pusat Pelayanan Lingkungan, dan Sub Pusat Pelayanan Kota. Hal ini menjelaskan bahwa kedepannya Kecamatan Mapanget dapat berkembang dengan pesat dan cenderung mengarah kepada perkembangan kota baru. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan sebagai antisipasi terjadinya penyimpangan penggunaan lahan kedepannya sehingga perlu diidentifkasi kondisi eksisting penggunaan lahan permukiman dan menganalisis kesesuaian penggunaan lahan permukiman yang ada di Kecamatan Mapanget perlu dilakukan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis Overlay dengan memanfaatkan software ArcGis. Dari hasil analisis kesesuaian penggunaan lahan permukiman berdasarkan PERMEN PU No. 41/PRT/M/2007.4.3.2. Hasil Analisis menunjukan bahwa tidak semua lahan dapat digunakan untuk lahan permukiman. Lahan sebesar 3973.00 Ha dikategorikan sesuai sebagai kawasan permukiman, lahan 1286.07 Ha dikategorikan kurang sesuai untuk kawasan permukiman sedangkan lahan 170.77 Ha dikategorikan tidak sesuai untuk kawasan permukiman.Kata kunci: Kesesuaian Penggunaan Lahan Permukima

Quantifying Cost-Effectiveness of Controlling Nosocomial Spread of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: The Case of MRSA

BACKGROUND: The costs and benefits of controlling nosocomial spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are unknown. METHODS: We developed a mathematical algorithm to determine cost-effectiveness of infection control programs and explored the dynamical interactions between different epidemiological variables and cost-effectiveness. The algorithm includes occurrence of nosocomial infections, attributable mortality, costs and efficacy of infection control and how antibiotic-resistant bacteria affect total number of infections: do infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria replace infections caused by susceptible bacteria (replacement scenario) or occur in addition to them (addition scenario). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia was used for illustration using observational data on S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) in our hospital (n = 189 between 2001-2004, all being methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA]). RESULTS: In the replacement scenario, the costs per life year gained range from 45,912 euros to 6590 euros for attributable mortality rates ranging from 10% to 50%. Using 20,000 euros per life year gained as a threshold, completely preventing MRSA would be cost-effective in the replacement scenario if attributable mortality of MRSA is > or = 21%. In the addition scenario, infection control would be cost saving along the entire range of estimates for attributable mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Cost-effectiveness of controlling antibiotic-resistant bacteria is highly sensitive to the interaction between infections caused by resistant and susceptible bacteria (addition or replacement) and attributable mortality. In our setting, controlling MRSA would be cost saving for the addition scenario but would not be cost-effective in the replacement scenario if attributable mortality would be < 21%

CpG-ODN and MPLA Prevent Mortality in a Murine Model of Post-Hemorrhage-Staphyloccocus aureus Pneumonia

Infections are the most frequent cause of complications in trauma patients. Post-traumatic immune suppression (IS) exposes patients to pneumonia (PN). The main pathogen involved in PN is Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Dendritic cells () may be centrally involved in the IS. We assessed the consequences of hemorrhage on pneumonia outcomes and investigated its consequences on DCs functions. A murine model of hemorrhagic shock with a subsequent MSSA pneumonia was used. Hemorrhage decreased the survival rate of infected mice, increased systemic dissemination of sepsis and worsened inflammatory lung lesions. The mRNA expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interferon-beta (IFN-β) and Interleukin (IL)-12p40 were mitigated for hemorrhaged-mice. The effects of hemorrhage on subsequent PN were apparent on the pDCs phenotype (reduced MHC class II, CD80, and CD86 molecule membrane expression). In addition, hemorrhage dramatically decreased CD8+ cDCs- and CD8- cDCs-induced allogeneic T-cell proliferation during PN compared with mice that did not undergo hemorrhage. In conclusion, hemorrhage increased morbidity and mortality associated with PN; induced severe phenotypic disturbances of the pDCs subset and functional alterations of the cDCs subset. After hemorrhage, a preventive treatment with CpG-ODN or Monophosphoryl Lipid A increased transcriptional activity in DCs (TNF-α, IFN-β and IL-12p40) and decreased mortality of post-hemorrhage MSSA pneumonia

Intestinal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: How does its frequency compare with that of nasal carriage and what is its clinical impact?

The bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus, including its methicillin-resistant variant (MRSA), finds its primary ecological niche in the human nose, but is also able to colonize the intestines and the perineal region. Intestinal carriage has not been widely investigated despite its potential clinical impact. This review summarizes literature on the topic and sketches the current state of affairs from a microbiological and infectious diseases' perspective. Major findings are that the average reported detection rate of intestinal carriage in healthy individuals and patients is 20% for S. aureus and 9% for MRSA, which is approximately half of that for nasal carriage. Nasal carriage seems to predispose to intestinal carriage, but sole intestinal carriage occurs relatively frequently and is observed in 1 out of 3 intestinal carriers, which provides a rationale to include intestinal screening for surveillance or in outbreak settings. Colonization of the intestinal tract with S. aureus at a young age occurs at a high frequency and may affect the host's immune system. The frequency of intestinal carriage is generally underestimated and may significantly contribute to bacterial dissemination and subsequent risk of infections. Whether intestinal rather than nasal S. aureus carriage is a primary predictor for infections is still ill-defined

Dose-response relationship between arsenic exposure and the serum enzymes for liver function tests in the individuals exposed to arsenic: a cross sectional study in Bangladesh

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Chronic arsenic exposure has been shown to cause liver damage. However, serum hepatic enzyme activity as recognized on liver function tests (LFTs) showing a dose-response relationship with arsenic exposure has not yet been clearly documented. The aim of our study was to investigate the dose-response relationship between arsenic exposure and major serum enzyme marker activity associated with LFTs in the population living in arsenic-endemic areas in Bangladesh.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 200 residents living in arsenic-endemic areas in Bangladesh were selected as study subjects. Arsenic concentrations in the drinking water, hair and nails were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The study subjects were stratified into quartile groups as follows, based on concentrations of arsenic in the drinking water, as well as in subjects' hair and nails: lowest, low, medium and high. The serum hepatic enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were then assayed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Arsenic concentrations in the subjects' hair and nails were positively correlated with arsenic levels in the drinking water. As regards the exposure-response relationship with arsenic in the drinking water, the respective activities of ALP, AST and ALT were found to be significantly increased in the high-exposure groups compared to the lowest-exposure groups before and after adjustments were made for different covariates. With internal exposure markers (arsenic in hair and nails), the ALP, AST and ALT activity profiles assumed a similar shape of dose-response relationship, with very few differences seen in the higher groups compared to the lowest group, most likely due to the temporalities of exposure metrics.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The present study demonstrated that arsenic concentrations in the drinking water were strongly correlated with arsenic concentrations in the subjects' hair and nails. Further, this study revealed a novel exposure- and dose- response relationship between arsenic exposure metrics and serum hepatic enzyme activity. Elevated serum hepatic enzyme activities in the higher exposure gradients provided new insights into arsenic-induced liver toxicity that might be helpful for the early prognosis of arsenic-induced liver diseases.</p

Antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide combined with chlorhexidine on Enterococcus faecalis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most frequently isolated strain in failed endodontic therapy cases since it is resistant to calcium hydroxide (CH). Whether a combination of CH and chlorhexidine (CHX) is more effective than CH alone against E. faecalis is a matter of controversy. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Material and Methods: A comprehensive search in PubMed, EMbase, EBSCOhost, The Cochrane Library, SciELO, and BBO databases, Clinical trials registers, Open Grey, and conference proceedings from the earliest available date to February 1, 2013 was carried out and the relevant articles were identified by two independent reviewers. Backward and forward search was performed and then inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The included studies were divided into "comparisons" according to the depth of sampling and dressing period of each medicament. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata software 10.0. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: Eighty-five studies were retrieved from databases and backward/forward searches. Fortyfive studies were considered as relevant (5 in vivo, 18 in vitro, 18 ex vivo, and 4 review articles). Nine studies were included for meta-analysis. Inter-observer agreement (Cohen kappa) was 0.93. The included studies were divided into 21 comparisons for meta-analysis. Chi-square test showed the comparisons were heterogeneous (p<0.001). Random effect model demonstrated no significant difference between CH/CHX mixture and CH alone in their effect on E. faecalis (p=0.115). Conclusions: According to the evidence available now, mixing CH with CHX does not significantly increase the antimicrobial activity of CH against E. faecalis. It appears that mixing CH with CHX does not improve its ex vivo antibacterial property as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis. Further in vivo studies are necessary to confirm and correlate the findings of this study with the clinical outcomes

Many-to-Many Digital Wireless Music Distribution System

The goal of this project was the development of a many-to-many digital wireless music distribution system. While other wireless audio technologies exist, none offer the unique combination of many-to-many scalability, lossless digital transmission, source control, and universal connectivity to home audio equipment. As our primary deliverable, we developed a two-by-two proof of concept of this system on x86-based single board computers with 802.11a/g capability. We developed software enabling source units to distribute audio data to receiver units over an ad hoc network using multicast. We also designed hardware for wireless RF transmission of infrared remote control commands back to the audio source. Testing was performed to verify the range and scalability of the wireless link