L’éléphantiasis vulvo-clitoridien: à propos d’un nouveau cas

L'éléphantiasis vulvo-clitoridien d'origine filarienne est une affection très rare. Nous rapportons un nouveau cas chez une femme de 33 ans suivie dans un service de Maladies Infectieuses pour filariose lymphatique. Elle avait une masse vulvo-clitoridienne qui évoluait depuis plus de 10 ans. Une résection clitoridienne et une plastie vulvaire a été réalisée. Les résultats fonctionnels et esthétiques étaient satisfaisants.Key words: Eléphantiasis, filariose, vulvo-clitoridie

Cancer de la prostate au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Aristidie Le Dantec de Dakar : aspects épidemiologiques sur les cinq dernières années: Prostate cancer in Aristide Le Dantec hospital of Dakar: epidemiological aspects over the last five years

Context and objective. Prostate cancer represents a major public health issue, but data from sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological aspects of prostate cancer during the last five years in Aristide Le Decantec hospital of Dakar. Methods. it’s a retrospective and descriptive study involving 5 last years including all patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer. The studied parameters were: prevalence, incidence, age, clinical stage, lethality and death rate. Results. Two hundred and thirty-three patients were enrolled. The prevalence of prostate cancer during the study period was 0.8%. Depending on the stage, metastatic cancer was the most common form with 45.9% of cases. The new cases were 199 with an average of 39.8 per year. The total incidence of prostate cancer over the study period was 0.7%. The mean age of the patients at the diagnosis time was 68.6 ± 9.2 years. The lethality was 0.5%. The global death rate was 0.9 ‰. The specific death rate was 0.9‰. The annual mortality rate was higher in 2017 (36.4%) compared to other years. Depending on the stage, the death rate was higher in metastatic stages patients. Conclusion. The incidence of prostate cancer is increasing in our medical center. Metastatic forms remain more common with higher death rate. Early detection campaigns for prostate cancer should be considered. Contexte et objectif. Le cancer de la prostate représente un enjeu majeur de santé publique et mais il reste très peu documenté en Afrique subsaharienne. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les aspects épidémiologiques du cancer de la prostate sur les 5 dernières années dans notre centre. Méthodes. Il s’agissait d’une étude documentaire et descriptive sur 5 ans ayant colligé les dossiers de tous les patients avec cancer de la prostate histologiquement confirmé. Les paramètres étudiés étaient : la prévalence, l’incidence, l’âge, le stade clinique, la létalité et la mortalité. Résultats. Deux cent trente-trois patients ont été retenus. La prévalence du cancer de la prostate durant la période étudiée était de 0,8%. En fonction du stade, le stade de cancer métastatique était prépondérant (45,9%). Les nouveaux cas étaient de 199, soit une moyenne de 39,8 nouveaux cas par an. L’incidence totale du cancer de la prostate sur la période étudiée était de 0,7%. L’âge moyen des patients au moment du diagnostic était de 68,6 ± 9,2 ans. Le taux létalité était de 0,5%. La mortalité globale était de 0,9‰. Le taux de mortalité annuelle était plus important en 2017 (36,4%) en comparaison aux autres années étudiées. En fonction du stade, le taux de mortalité était plus important pour les stades métastatiques. Conclusion. L’incidence du cancer de la prostate est en augmentation dans notre centre. Les formes métastatiques restent prédominantes assombrissant le pronostic vital. Des campagnes de dépistage précoce du cancer de la prostate sont à envisager

Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in the development and progression of cancer

Experimental, epidemiological and clinical evidence implicates insulin resistance and its accompanying hyperinsulinaemia in the development of cancer, but the relative importance of these disturbances in cancer remains unclear. There are, however, theoretical mechanisms by which hyperinsulinaemia could amplify such growth-promoting effects as insulin may have, as well as the growth-promoting effects of other, more potent, growth factors. Hyperinsulinaemia may also induce other changes, particularly in the IGF (insulin-like growth factor) system, that could promote cell proliferation and survival. Several factors can independently modify both cancer risk and insulin resistance, including subclinical inflammation and obesity. The possibility that some of the effects of hyperinsulinaemia might then augment pro-carcinogenic changes associated with disturbances in these factors emphasizes how, rather than being a single causative factor, insulin resistance may be most usefully viewed as one strand in a network of interacting disturbances that promote the development and progression of cancer

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Le carcinome épidermoïde de l\'urètre masculin

No Abstract. African Journal of Urology Vol. 11(3) 2005: 230-23

Priapism: clinical aspects and etiologyLe Priapisme: particularités cliniques et étiologiques

Objective: To evaluate the clinical, etiological and therapeutical aspects of priapism. Patients and Methods: Sixty-three patients were retrospectively studied regarding their age, the time elapsed between onset of the condition and presentation at the hospital, their medical and surgical history, additional examinations such as blood count and hemoglobin electrophoresis, treatment modalities and outcome of treatment. Results: The mean age of the patients was 22,4 years (range: 3-68 years). The time elapsed between onset of the condition and presentation at the hospital ranged from 4 hours to 41 days. Two patients (3,2%) presented about 6 hours after the onset of priapism, while 80,9% presented more than 24 hours later. Hemoglobin electrophoresis revealed sickle-cell disease in 29 (46%) patients. In two patients, priapism occurred after intracavernous injection of vasoactive drugs. The patients were treated medically and/or surgically. Immediate penile flaccidity after treatment was obtained in 53 cases (84,1%). At a mean follow-up of 8 months 51 patients could be evaluated; 23 of them (45,1%) reported a satisfactory erection. Fibrosis of the corpora cavernosa occurred in 24 (38.1%) patients. Conclusion: Priapism represents a urologic emergency which in Africa is commonly associated with sickle-cell disease. A timely and adequate treatment in our environment is rendered difficult due to the fact that most patients present very late. This situation can only be changed by an improvement of the socio-economic situation and a large-scale education of the population as well as the establishment of a larger number of specialized medical and health centers.Resume Objectif : L\'objectif de ce travail était d\'étudier les particularités de cette affection sur les plans clinique, étiologique et thérapeutique. Patients et Méthode : Il s\'agit d\'une étude rétrospective portant sur 63 patients. Les paramètres étudiés ont été: l\'âge, le délai écoulé avant la consultation, les antécédents médicaux et chirurgicaux, les examens complémentaires avec essentiellement un hémogramme et une électrophorèse de l\'hémoglobine ainsi que les modalités et résultats du traitement. Résultats : L\'âge moyen des patients était de 22,4 ans avec des extrêmes de 3 et 68 ans. Le délai entre le début des troubles et le traitement variait de 4 heures à 41 jours. Deux patients (3,2%) ont consulté avant la 6ième heure alors que 80,9% ont consulté après les 24 premières heures. L\'électro-phorèse de l\'hémoglobine a permis de retrouver 29 (46%) patients drépanocytaires. Chez 2 patients, le priapisme était survenu après injection intra-caverneuse de drogues vasoactives. La prise en charge des patients a été médicale et/ou chirurgicale. Sur le plan local, une fibrose des corps caverneux a été retrouvée chez 24 patients (38,1%) après un recul moyen de 8 mois. Sur la même période, 51 patients étaient évaluables sur le plan de la fonction érectile et 23 patients (45,1%) estimaient avoir une érection satisfaisante. Conclusion: Le priapisme constitue une urgence urologique qui en Afrique présente certaines particularités telles que la fréquence de l\'étiologie drépanocytaire et les délais de consultation prolongés. Cette prise en charge passe également par l\'information, l\'éducation, le relèvement du niveau socio-économique des populations et la multiplication de structures sanitaires spécialisées. African Journal of Urology Vol. 11(3) 2005: 186-19