Minimal Energy Efficient Routing (MEER) Protocol using GSP For Sensor Network

The most important criterion while designing wireless sensor network is the consumption of energy[5,6,7]. There are many schemes cited for conservation of energy issues[1,2,8]. Again the efficient minimal energy consumption routing schemes are an important consideration. In this paper, we have proposed an energy saving scheme, named as minimal energy efficient routing (MEER) Protocol, which uses GSP (Gossip based sleep Protocol) to achieve energy efficiency in sensor networks. Here, we have compared our work with the existing work given by GSP[1] . We have shown the correctness & effectiveness of our protocol by mathematical simulation studies

A Review Of Trends In Research On Web Mining

In recent years the growth of the World Wide Web exceeded all expectations. Today there are several billions of HTML documents, pictures and other multimedia files available via internet and the number is still rising. But considering the impressive variety of the web, retrieving interesting content has become a very difficult task.So, the World Wide Web is a fertile area for data mining research.Web mining is a research topic which combines two of the activated research areas: Data Mining and World Wide Web. Web mining research relates to several research communities such as Database, information Retrieval and Artificial intelligence, visualization.This paper reviews the research and application issues in web mining besides proving an overall view of Web mining

Web Usage Mining: A Survey on Pattern Extraction from Web Logs

As the size of web increases along with number of users, it is very much essential for the website owners to better understand their customers so that they can provide better service, and also enhance the quality of the website. To achieve this they depend on the web access log files. The web access log files can be mined to extract interesting pattern so that the user behaviour can be understood. This paper presents an overview of web usage mining and also provides a survey of the pattern extraction algorithms used for web usage mining

Defects induced ferromagnetism in Mn doped ZnO

Single phase Mn doped (2 at %) ZnO samples have been synthesized by solid-state reaction technique. Before the final sintering at 500 C, the mixed powders have been milled for different milling periods (6, 24, 48 and 96 hours). The grain sizes of the samples are very close to each other (~ 32 \pm 4 nm). However, the defective state of the samples is different from each other as manifested from the variation of magnetic properties and electrical resistivity with milling time. All the samples have been found to be ferromagnetic with clear hysteresis loops at room temperature. The maximum value for saturation magnetization (0.11 {\mu}_B / Mn atom) was achieved for 96 hours milled sample. Electrical resistivity has been found to increase with increasing milling time. The most resistive sample bears the largest saturation magnetization. Variation of average positron lifetime with milling time bears a close similarity with that of the saturation magnetization. This indicates the key role played by open volume vacancy defects, presumably zinc vacancies near grain surfaces, in inducing ferromagnetic order in Mn doped ZnO. To attain optimum defect configuration favorable for ferromagnetism in this kind of samples proper choice of milling period and annealing conditions is required.Comment: Accepted in Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Material

New distributional record of <em>Halieutaea Indica </em> (Lophiiformes: Ogcocephalidae) from Chilika lagoon, India

1594-1600The present study provides the first occurrence report of Indian hand fish, Halieutaea indica Annandale & Jenkins, 1910 from Outer Channel of the Chilika Lagoon. This bathy-demersal species is now the only member of the order Lophiiformes known to occur in this brackish water ecosystem. Its incidence for the first time in the Chilika may be attributed to change in the lagoon habitat after the opening of new lagoonal inlets, that subsequently accommodating newer species. This species is a pure marine form and might have entered the lagoon during the higher salinity phase in the lagoon. Present study further described the gut content of Halieutaea indica that comprised of benthic crab, prawn, amphipoda and free-living nematodes

Integrated effect of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation on yield, water saving and water productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Indian Punjab: Field and simulation study

Individual effect of different field scale management interventions for water saving in rice viz. changing date of transplanting, cultivar and irrigation schedule on yield, water saving and water productivity is well documented in the literature. However, little is known about their integrated effect. To study that, field experimentation and modeling approach was used. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2006 and 2007) at Punjab Agricultural University Farm, Ludhiana on a deep alluvial loamy sand Typic Ustipsamment soils developed under hyper-thermic regime. Treatments included three dates of transplanting (25 May, 10 June and 25 June), two cultivars (PR 118 inbred and RH 257 hybrid) and two irrigation schedules (2-days drainage period and at soil water suction of 16kPa). The model used was CropSyst, which has already been calibrated for growth (periodic biomass and LAI) of rice and soil water content in two independent experiments. The main findings of the field and simulation studies conducted are compared to any individual, integrated management of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation, sustained yield (6.3-7.5tha-1) and saved substantial amount of water in rice. For example, with two management interventions, i.e. shifting of transplanting date to lower evaporative demand (from 5 May to 25 June) concomitant with growing of short duration hybrid variety (90 days from transplanting to harvest), the total real water saving (wet saving) through reduction in evapotranspiration (ET) was 140mm, which was almost double than managing the single, i.e. 66mm by shifting transplanting or 71mm by growing short duration hybrid variety. Shifting the transplanting date saved water through reduction in soil water evaporation component while growing of short duration variety through reduction in both evaporation and transpiration components of water balance. Managing irrigation water schedule based on soil water suction of 16kPa at 15-20cm soil depth, compared to 2-day drainage, did not save water in real (wet saving), however, it resulted into apparent water saving (dry saving). The real crop water productivity (marketable yield/ET) was more by 17% in 25th June transplanted rice than 25th May, 23% in short duration variety than long and 2% in irrigation treatment of 16kPa soil water suction than 2-days drainage. The corresponding values for the apparent crop water productivity (marketable yield/irrigation water applied) were 16, 20 and 50%, respectively. Pooled experimental data of 2 years showed that with managing irrigation scheduling based on soil water suction of 16kPa at 15-20cm soil depth, though 700mm irrigation water was saved but the associated yield was reduced by 277kgha-1.Rice Date of transplanting Cultivar Crop duration Irrigation Water saving Crop water productivity

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Not AvailableSoils deficient in P are widespread in major rice ecosystems. In view of declining reserves of rock phosphate and rising costs of P-fertilizers, breeding rice varieties tolerant to low P becomes important for future food security. Four different methods 1. Hydroponics without sand (H), 2. Hydroponics with sand (HS), 3. Large pots with soil (PS) and 4. Glasses with soil (GS) were evaluated using rice aus variety Nagina 22 (N22) and its known gain/loss of function (gof/lof) mutants to screen for low P-tolerance in field. In –P shoot dry weight was significantly more in gof mutant NH787 than in N22 in HS, PS and GS but not in H with fold increase of 1.8 in HS, 5.2 in GS and 9.4 in PS. In HS, in -P, out of 6 traits only shoot dry weight was significantly higher in gof and lower in lof mutants. However, in GS both root and shoot dry weight could confirm gof and lof mutants. It took 40d in GS and 70d in PS to differentiate between growth in –P/ low P and +P and also between gof and lof mutants. Thus shoot dry weight at 30d in HS and both root and shoot dry weight at 40d in GS are best to differentiate between genotypes grown in –P/lowP and +P and also between gof and lof mutants for low P tolerance. The HS method can be carried out in ambient conditions and needs 70% lesser medium compared to H. If germplasm is to be screened for low P tolerance on a large scale, and there is no access to low P soil, then screening using HS is best.Not Availabl