Should sports and exercise medicine be taught in the Swiss undergraduate medical curricula? A survey among 1764 Swiss medical students

Objectives The global lack of sports and exercise medicine (SEM) teaching at medical schools contrasts with evidence that physical activity (PA) plays a major role in preventing and treating non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The aims of this study were to (a) examine whether Swiss medical students are expected to acquire SEM-related skills and knowledge, (b) systematically reviewed SEM teaching in the Swiss undergraduate medical curricula, (c) assess if Swiss medical students are aware of SEM and (d) whether they would like SEM to be included in their curricula. Methods Two authors independently screened the 'Principal Relevant Objectives and Framework for Integrative Learning and Education in Switzerland' (PROFILES) for SEM-related learning objectives and reviewed the curricula. 7708 Swiss medical students were invited to participate in an online survey. Results 32 SEM-related learning objectives were identified in PROFILES with 20 of them linked to PA. Four of eight Swiss medical schools display limited mandatory SEM teachings. 1764 students participated in the survey (482.0% of the necessary sample size, 22.9% of all Swiss medical students). One in two students knew that SEM includes preventing and treating NCDs. Almost 95% of the participants would like SEM to be included in the curricula. Conclusion Despite its inclusion in PROFILES and comprehensive evidence that SEM should be taught at medical schools, this is scarcely the case in Switzerland. Swiss medical students have limited understanding of SEM, but are keen to have it included in the curricula. This study highlights the need for more comprehensive SEM teaching at Swiss medical schools

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Should sports and exercise medicine be taught in the Swiss undergraduate medical curricula? A survey among 1764 Swiss medical students

ObjectivesThe global lack of sports and exercise medicine (SEM) teaching at medical schools contrasts with evidence that physical activity (PA) plays a major role in preventing and treating non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The aims of this study were to (a) examine whether Swiss medical students are expected to acquire SEM-related skills and knowledge, (b) systematically reviewed SEM teaching in the Swiss undergraduate medical curricula, (c) assess if Swiss medical students are aware of SEM and (d) whether they would like SEM to be included in their curricula.MethodsTwo authors independently screened the ‘Principal Relevant Objectives and Framework for Integrative Learning and Education in Switzerland’ (PROFILES) for SEM-related learning objectives and reviewed the curricula. 7708 Swiss medical students were invited to participate in an online survey.Results32 SEM-related learning objectives were identified in PROFILES with 20 of them linked to PA. Four of eight Swiss medical schools display limited mandatory SEM teachings. 1764 students participated in the survey (482.0% of the necessary sample size, 22.9% of all Swiss medical students). One in two students knew that SEM includes preventing and treating NCDs. Almost 95% of the participants would like SEM to be included in the curricula.ConclusionDespite its inclusion in PROFILES and comprehensive evidence that SEM should be taught at medical schools, this is scarcely the case in Switzerland. Swiss medical students have limited understanding of SEM, but are keen to have it included in the curricula. This study highlights the need for more comprehensive SEM teaching at Swiss medical schools

Quality of life and life satisfaction in former athletes:: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: sport participation has many physical and psychosocial benefits, but there is also an inherent risk of injury, subsequent osteoarthritis, and psychological challenges that can negatively impact quality of life (QOL). Considering the multifaceted impacts of sport participation on QOL across the lifespan, there is a need to consolidate and present the evidence on QOL in former sport participants.Objective: to evaluate QOL and life satisfaction in former sport participants, and determine what factors are associated with QOL and life satisfaction in this population.Methods: eight electronic databases were systematically searched in 07/2018 to retrieve all articles that evaluated QOL or life satisfaction in former sport participants. Two authors independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts, extracted data and appraised methodological quality using a modified Downs and Black Checklist. Random effects meta-analysis estimated pooled mean and 95% CI for Mental Component Scores (MCS) and Physical Component Scores (PCS) derived from the SF-12, SF-36, VR-12 and VR-36 measures. MCS and PCS were pooled for all former sport participants, as well as professional- and collegiate-athlete subgroups. Data that were inappropriate for meta-analysis (i.e. EQ-5D, PROMIS and life-satisfaction outcomes) were collated and reported descriptively.Results: seventeen articles evaluated QOL or life satisfaction in a total of 6692 former athletes (8 studies (n=4255) former professional athletes; 6 studies (n=1946) former collegiate athletes; 2 studies (n=491) included both) with a mean age ranging from 21-66 years. Most studies were cross-sectional (15 of 17 articles) and 12 studies had a moderate risk of bias (n=1 high-risk, n=4 low-risk). Unpublished data were provided for five studies. Meta-analysis of 7 studies resulted in a pooled PCS mean(95% CI) of 50.0(46.6 to 53.3) (former professional athletes from 2 studies: 46.7(42.1 to 51.2), former collegiate athletes from 5 studies: 51.2(48.4 to 53.9)) and a pooled MCS of 51.4(50.5 to 52.2) (former professional athletes: 52.7(51.3 to 54.2), former collegiate athletes:27 50.9(50.0 to 51.8)). Factors associated with worse QOL or life satisfaction in former athletes included involuntary retirement from sport (3 studies), collision/high-contact sport compared with low/no-contact sport (3 studies), ≥3 concussions compared with no/fewer concussions (2 studies), increased BMI (worse PCS, 3 studies), and osteoarthritis or musculoskeletal issues (worse PCS and MCS, 3 studies; worse PCS but not MCS, 2 studies).Conclusions: former athletes had similar PCS and better MCS, compared to general-population norms. Former athletes with impaired PCS reported better MCS than population norms, highlighting the need to use an instrument that differentiates between physical and mental components of QOL in former sport participants. Factors associated with worse QOL that may explain between-study variation include involuntary retirement, collision/high contact sports, concussion, BMI and osteoarthritis

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