Bcl-2 Immunoexpression in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma and Its Evaluative Correlation with Molecular Sub-Types and BR-Grade and TNM Stage

Invasive Ductal carcinoma is the most common histological type of breast cancer. It constitutes about 80 percent of all breast cancer diagnoses. The molecular pathogenesis of breast cancer involves multiple gene types. Bcl-2 is one of them. Bcl-2, is an anti-apoptotic protein which is up regulated by oestrogen in breast cancer patients. The immunoexpression of Bcl-2 detection is being carried out by immunohistochemical methods as described in many published studies. Bcl-2 as is known acts through transcriptional induction in pathogenesis of breast cancer. The present chapter describes the role of Bcl-2 in pathogenesis, significance and its relationship with BR Grade and TNM stage. The present chapter specifically describes its observation of Bcl-2 immunoexpression and relationship with molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma

Benevolent and hostile sexism among adolescents: Role of parental and peer attachment

Abstract Attachment is a persistent and strong emotional bond between two people in which one wishes for intimacy and feels more secure when the attachment image is present. This study explored the relationship of parental and peer attachment with sexism among adolescent boys. 180 adolescent boys residing in the Delhi, NCR areas aged 15 to 20 years participated in the study. The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment Revised (IPPA-R) and Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) measures were administered to the participants. The majority of the sample was found to have higher peer attachment than parental attachment. The results of the study found a negative relationship between parental attachment and endorsement of sexism, and a positive relationship was found between peer attachment and sexism among adolescent boys. It was also found that boys showed higher benevolent sexism as compared to hostile sexism. The study’s findings may be relevant in the current scenario because women are victimized by many violent acts continuously world wide. The findings of this study may be useful for the health care professionals to develop intervention programs for adolescents at the school level and family level so that awareness and healthy habits may be developed for gender equality and respect for women among adolescents

A systematic review of the organizational, environmental, professional and child and family factors influencing the timing of admission to hospital for children with serious infectious illness

Abstract Background Infection, particularly in the first 5 years of life, is a major cause of childhood deaths globally, many deaths from infections such as pneumonia and meningococcal disease are avoidable, if treated in time. Some factors that contribute to morbidity and mortality can be modified. These include organisational and environmental factors as well as those related to the child, family or professional. Objective Examine what organizational and environmental factors and individual child, family and professional factors affect timing of admission to hospital for children with a serious infectious illness. Design Systematic review. Data sources Key search terms were identified and used to search CINAHL Plus, Medline, ASSIA, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute Database of Systematic Review. Study appraisal methods Primary research (e.g. quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies) and literature reviews (e.g., systematic, scoping and narrative) were included if participants included or were restricted to children under 5 years of age with serious infectious illnesses, included parents and/or first contact health care professionals in primary care, urgent and emergency care and where the research had been conducted in OECD high income countries. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to review the methodological quality of the studies. Main findings Thirty-six papers were selected for full text review; 12 studies fitted the inclusion criteria. Factors influencing the timing of admission to hospital included the variability in children’s illness trajectories and pathways to hospital, parental recognition of symptoms and clinicians non-recognition of illness severity, parental help-seeking behaviour and clinician responses, access to services, use and non-use of ‘gut feeling’ by clinicians, and sub-optimal management within primary, secondary and tertiary services. Conclusions The pathways taken by children with a serious infectious illness to hospital are complex and influenced by a variety of potentially modifiable individual, organisational, environmental and contextual factors. Supportive, accessible, respectful services that provide continuity, clear communication, advice and safety-netting are important as is improved training for clinicians and a mandate to attend to ‘gut feeling’. Implications Relatively simple interventions such as improved communication have the potential to improve the quality of care and reduce morbidity and mortality in children with a serious infectious illness

Advances in Natural Polymeric Nanoparticles for the Drug Delivery

Natural and biodegradable polymers have been the key area for utilizing their advantages which make them a possible option for development of various drug delivery systems. The complexity of diseases and the intrinsic drug toxicity and side effects has led to an interest for development and optimization of drug delivery systems. The advancements in nanotechnology have favored the development of novel formulations which can modulate the biopharmaceutical properties of bioactives and thus improves the pharmacological and therapeutic action. The shape, size, and charge nanoscale delivery system, such as nanoparticles (NPs) are required to be investigated and changed in order to promote and optimize the formulations. The various natural polymeric NPs (PNPs) have been found to be key tool to enhance bioavailability or specific delivery to certain site of action. In this chapter, the uses of various polymeric materials for the development of NPs as drug delivery systems for various ailments have been described. The entrapment of bioactive compounds in PNPs systems is a hopeful move toward improvement of efficacy of drug toward the treatments of various diseases

Breeding for Enhancing Legumovirus Resistance in Mungbean: Current Understanding and Future Directions

Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) affects several types of leguminous crops, including the Vigna species, which comprises a number of commercially important pulse crops. YMD is characterized by the formation of a bright yellow mosaic pattern on the leaves; in severe forms, this pattern can also be seen on stems and pods. This disease leads to tremendous yield losses, even up to 100%, in addition to deterioration in seed quality. Symptoms of this disease are similar among affected plants; YMD is not limited to mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) and also affects other collateral and alternate hosts. In the last decade, rapid advancements in molecular detection techniques have been made, leading to an improved understanding of YMD-causing viruses. Three distinct bipartite begomoviruses, namely, Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV), Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV), and Horsegram Yellow Mosaic Virus (HgYMV), are known to cause YMD in Vigna spp. Vigna crops serve as an excellent protein source for vegetarians worldwide; moreover, they aid in improving soil health by fixing atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic association with Rhizobium bacteria. The loss in the yield of these short-duration crops due to YMD, thus, needs to be checked. This review highlights the discoveries that have been made regarding various aspects of YMD affecting mungbean, including the determination of YMD-causing viruses and strategies used to develop high-yielding YMD-resistant mungbean varieties that harness the potential of related Vigna species through the use of different omics approaches

Navigating uncertain illness trajectories for young children with serious infectious illness: a mixed-methods modified grounded theory study

AbstractInfectious illness is the biggest cause of death in children due to a physical illness, particularly in children under five years. If mortality is to be reduced for this group of children, it is important to understand factors affecting their pathways to hospital.The aim of this study was to retrospectively identify organisational and environmental factors, and individual child, family, and professional factors affecting timing of admission to hospital for children under five years of age with a serious infectious illness (SII).MethodsAn explanatory modified grounded theory mixed methods design was used in collaboration with parents. Two stages of data collection were conducted: Stage 1, interviews with 22 parents whose child had recently been hospitalised with a SII and 14 health professionals (HPs) involved in their pre-admission trajectories; Stage 2, focus groups with 18 parents and 16 HPs with past experience of SII in young children. Constant comparative analysis generated the explanatory theory.FindingsThe core category was ‘navigating uncertain illness trajectories for young children with serious infectious illness’. Uncertainty was prevalent throughout the parents’ and HPs’ stories about their experiences of navigating social rules and overburdened health services for these children. The complexity of and lack of continuity within services, family lives, social expectations and hierarchies provided the context and conditions for children’s, often complex, illness trajectories. Parents reported powerlessness and perceived criticism leading to delayed help-seeking. Importantly, parents and professionals missed symptoms of serious illness. Risk averse services were found to refer more children to emergency departments.ConclusionsParents and professionals have difficulties recognising signs of SII in young children and can feel socially constrained from seeking help. The increased burden on services has made it more difficult for professionals to spot the seriously ill child.</jats:sec

Navigating uncertain illness trajectories for young children with serious infectious illness: a modified grounded theory study.

Background Infectious illness is the biggest cause of death in children due to a physical illness, particularly in children under five years. If mortality is to be reduced for this group of children, it is important to understand factors affecting their pathways to hospital. The aim of this study was to retrospectively identify organisational and environmental factors, and individual child, family, and professional factors affecting timing of admission to hospital for children under five years of age with a serious infectious illness (SII). Methods An explanatory modified grounded theory design was used in collaboration with parents. Two stages of data collection were conducted: Stage 1, interviews with 22 parents whose child had recently been hospitalised with a SII and 14 health professionals (HPs) involved in their pre-admission trajectories; Stage 2, focus groups with 18 parents and 16 HPs with past experience of SII in young children. Constant comparative analysis generated the explanatory theory

Cytodiagnosis of Warthin’s Tumour in Submandibular Salivary Gland- A Rare Case Report

The cytodiagnosis of Warthin’s tumour by Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in the submandibular salivary gland in literature is sparsely reported. Constituting an outnumbered portion of salivary gland neoplasms, it is a monomorphic adenoma that mainly arises in parotid gland. The occurrence of it in minor salivary gland and submandibular salivary gland is minuscule. Therefore, the confrontation of cytomorphological features of Warthin’s tumour poises the problem of interpretation. In spite of the fact that, Warthin’s tumour dispense as a clinically benign, slow growing and asymptomatic lesion with minimal rate of recurrence, nevertheless this entity is contemplated peculiar because of its unknown origin and cytomorphological appearance. The cytopathological smears prepared depict papillaroid sheets of oncocytoid cells which entails careful distinction for its diagnosis. The present article outlined such rare case of Warthin’s tumour for its cytomorphological character and its clinical finding for its medical rarity. Here by, authors describe a case of Warthin’s tumour of two years duration in a 44-year-old male patient in the right submandibular gland. The clinical examination had revealed it to be a mass of 4x4 cm lying just below the angle of mandible, with solid as well as cystic components. As a part of presurgical diagnosis the patient was referred for FNAC. The smears were prepared from both components of swelling and the peculiar case was pondered over for various concepts regarding its clinicopathological features with main emphasis on cytomorphology

Optimization of Fenton oxidation for the removal of methyl parathion in aqueous solution

In the present study, for the treatment of methyl parathion, Fenton oxidation is adopted. The aims of this study were (a) to assess the removal efficiency in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), (b) to scrutinize the influence of different parameters: initial pH, concentrations of H2O2 and Fe2+ and, (c) response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the Fenton process. Three-level central composite design (CCD) was applied in designing the experiments to observe the effects of most important operating factors. The enactment of the model was judged with the analysis of variance (ANOVA). A quadratic model was used to represent the experimental data. The predicted values and experimental values were found to be in good agreement with the (R2 = 0.9891 and Adj-R2 = 0.9877), which define the propriety of the model. The characteristic of methyl parathion bearing wastewater was concentration 30 mg/L, COD 440 mg/L, pH 6.5. Maximum removal efficiency was perceived at acidic pH value 3