Entre Valladolid y Santiago

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¿Qué perspectiva cuenta? Conectando la visión indígena e institucional en el diseño de proyectos de electrificación rural impulsados por la cooperación al desarrollo. Experiencias en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana

Los sistemas descentralizados con energías renovables han sido ampliamente utilizados en el campo de la cooperación al desarrollo. Sin embargo, los potenciales de estas alternativas tecnológicas se sustentan desde visiones del desarrollo diversas y en ocasiones en conflicto. Los proyectos de electrificación rural impulsados por la cooperación están permeados por una multiplicidad de mecanismos de poder que favorecen la imposición de determinadas de estas visiones y limitan el acceso equitativo a las oportunidades que es capaz de ofrecer la electrificación. Ecuador se señala como un caso representativo en relación a las propuestas de transformación social que cuestionan la visión de desarrollo hegemónica y la de la cooperación. La Amazonía es uno de los escenarios donde emergen propuestas que reivindican nuevas maneras de concebir a los proyectos energéticos. Sin embargo, son escasas las referencias a la electrificación rural aislada y a cómo diseñar proyectos de electrificación que integren las nociones del desarrollo y/o Buen Vivir de las poblaciones amazónicas. Con la finalidad de arrojar luz sobre estas cuestiones, esta investigación tiene tres objetivos. Por un lado, explorar las visiones del desarrollo de los actores supralocales y los actores locales de la cooperación internacional y su visión de cómo la electrificación puede contribuir al desarrollo. Por otro, explorar cómo las dinámicas de poder determinan qué visiones del desarrollo y de la electrificación prevalecen, a través de qué mecanismos y en qué espacios y niveles. Y, finalmente, proponer estrategias para el diseño de proyectos de electrificación que enfrenten estas dinámicas. Para abordar estos objetivos, construimos un marco analítico sustentado en una aproximación multinivel y dinámica del Enfoque de las Capacidades para el Desarrollo Humano y utilizamos los aportes de los enfoques de poder como estrategia para la transformación social. Aplicamos este marco en el análisis de un proyecto de electrificación rural aislada en Ecuador donde trabajamos en cinco comunidades: tres comunidades Achuar, una comunidad Kichwa y otra Siona. Durante toda la investigación aplicamos un enfoque etnográfico como integrantes del equipo del proyecto. Seguimos una metodología de investigación cualitativa con un enfoque participativo. De los resultados se desprende cómo, desde los actores supralocales se defiende una visión de la energía como elemento indispensable para el logro de un desarrollo basado en el crecimiento sostenible. Por otro lado, cómo desde las comunidades indígenas amazónicas emergen algunas visiones encontradas que vienen moldeadas por dos factores: las propias visiones del desarrollo de los actores supralocales y la presencia de actividades extractivas. Se desvela así que, ante una misma visión del desarrollo dominante, el extractivismo es el factor clave que incide en dichas visiones, cooptándolas y arrastrándolas con mayor o menor velocidad hacia la visión hegemónica. Mientras que las comunidades ubicadas en zonas petroleras aspiran a contar con sistemas energéticos que puedan abastecer sus nuevas lógicas de consumo pero que a la vez sean medioambientalmente sostenibles, para las comunidades donde no existe todavía intervención petrolera, la electrificación puede suponer un mecanismo para enfrentar el extractivismo. El trabajo ilustra cómo son justamente los mecanismos de poder que operan en el proceso de diseño de las intervenciones de desarrollo de electrificación rural a través de los cuales se afianzan las visiones hegemónicas. La investigación pone de manifiesto la necesidad de conocer qué valoran las personas y los colectivos a la hora de diseñar intervenciones de electrificación adaptadas a sus distintas realidades y que, al mismo tiempo, enfrenten las desigualdades de poder que eclipsan la pluralidad de visiones que emergen desde los actores locales. Se desvela, sin embargDecentralized systems based on renewable energies have been widely used in the field of electrification projects for isolated rural communities. However, the possibilities of these technological alternatives are underpinned by diverse and sometimes conflicting visions of development. The projects are permeated with a myriad of power mechanisms that not only favour the imposition of certain visions over others, but also limit equal access to the opportunities that electrification is able to offer. Ecuador has been highlighted as a relevant case regarding social transformation approaches that question the hegemonic vision of development and the dynamics of the international cooperation system itself. The Ecuadorian Amazon is one of the scenarios where a large number of these proposals are being raised. Proposals founded on indigenous cosmovision revolving around the concept of 'Buen Vivir' (Good Living) call for new approaches to energy projects. However, there are few references regarding isolated rural electrification and how to design electrification projects that integrate the ideas of development and/or visions of Buen Vivir held by the indigenous peoples of the Amazon. With the aim of shedding light on these matters, this research has three objectives. Firstly, to explore the development visions of the supra-local actors and those of local actors, together with their views on how electrification can further the development of local actors. Secondly, to explore how power dynamics determine which perspectives of development and electrification prevail, through which mechanisms, in which spaces, and at what levels. And thirdly, to propose strategies for the design of rural electrification projects that confront these power dynamics. To address these objectives, an analytical framework was created based on a multilevel and dynamic perspective of the Human Development Capability Approach. Contributions from approaches which focus on power as a strategy of social transformation are also employed. We use this interpretative framework to analyse one case study; specifically, a rural electrification project in Ecuador. We worked with five communities: three Achuar communities; one Amazonian Kicwha community; and one Siona community. Throughout the research, an ethnographic approach was followed, employing a qualitative research strategy with a participatory approach. The results reveal how diverse views on development and electrification are arising in Ecuador. On one hand, supra-local actors who act in the global sphere defend energy as an essential element to achieve development based on sustainable growth. On the other hand, some differing opinions are emerging from Amazonian indigenous communities, which are shaped by two key factors: the development visions of supra-local actors and the existence of extractive activities in the region. It is demonstrated that, faced with a single dominant vision of development, extractivism is the key factor influencing these visions, co-opting them and drawing them, at greater or lesser speed, towards the hegemonic vision. While communities located in territories with oil exploitation aspire to having environmentally sustainable energy systems capable of satisfying their new habits of consumption, for communities where oil companies are not yet active, electrification can be a means of confronting extractivism. The research illustrates how it is the power mechanisms themselves that determine the design of isolated rural electrification projects promoted by international cooperation, and through which the hegemonic visions are strengthened. The study reveals, therefore, the importance of knowing what individuals and collectives value in order to design technological energy projects adapted to their different realities and, at the same time, able to face power inequalities. The research shows, however, that this is not without difficulties and contradictions.Els sistemes descentralitzats amb energies renovables han estat àmpliament utilitzats en el camp de la cooperació al desenvolupament. No obstant, els potencials d'aquestes alternatives tecnològiques es sustenten des de visions del desenvolupament diverses i en ocasions en conflicte. Els projectes d'electrificació rural impulsats per la cooperació estan permeats per una multiplicitat de mecanismes de poder que afavoreixen la imposició de determinades d'aquestes visions i limiten l'accés equitatiu a les oportunitats que és capaç d'oferir l'electrificació. L'Equador s'assenyala com un cas representatiu pel que fa a les propostes de transformació social que qüestionen la visió de desenvolupament hegemònica i la de la cooperació. L'Amazònia és un dels escenaris des d'on s'estan plantejant propostes que reivindiquen noves maneres de concebre als projectes energètics. No obstant, són escasses les referències a l'electrificació rural aïllada i a com dissenyar projectes d'electrificació que integren les nocions del desenvolupament i/o Buen Vivir de les poblacions amazòniques. Per donar llum sobre aquestes qüestions, aquesta investigació té tres objectius. D'una banda, explorar les visions del desenvolupament dels actors supralocals i els actors locals de la cooperació i la seva visió de com l'electrificació pot contribuir al desenvolupament dels actors locals. De l'altra, explorar com les dinàmiques de poder determinen quines visions del desenvolupament i de l'electrificació s'imposen, a través de quins mecanismes i en quins espais i nivells. I, finalment, proposar estratègies per al disseny de projectes d'electrificació rural aïllada que s'enfronten a aquestes dinàmiques. Per abordar aquests objectius, hem construït un marc analític sustentat en una aproximació multinivell i dinàmica de l'Enfocament de les Capacitats per al Desenvolupament Humà combinat amb els enfocaments de poder com a estratègia per a la transformació social. Apliquem aquest marc a l'anàlisi d'un projecte d'electrificació rural aïllada a l'Equador on treballem amb cinc comunitats: tres comunitats Achuar i una comunitat Kichwa i una altra Siona. Durant tota la investigació apliquem un enfocament etnogràfic com a integrants de l'equip del projecte. Seguim una metodologia d'investigació qualitativa amb un enfocament participatiu. Dels resultats es desprèn com des dels actors supralocals es defensa una visió de l'energia com a element indispensable per a l'assoliment d'un desenvolupament basat en el creixement sostenible. D'altra banda, com des de les comunitats indígenes amazòniques, emergeixen algunes visions oposades que vénen modelades per dos factors: les pròpies visions del desenvolupament dels actors supralocals i la presència d'activitats extractives en el territori. Es revela així que, davant d'una mateixa visió del desenvolupament dominant, l'extractivisme és el factor clau que incideix en aquestes visions, cooptant-les i arrossegant-les amb més o menys velocitat cap a la visió hegemònica. Mentre que les comunitats ubicades en zones petrolieres aspiren a comptar amb sistemes energètics que poden proveir les seves noves lògiques de consum però que alhora siguin mediambientalment sostenibles, per a les comunitats on no existeix encara intervenció petroliera, l'electrificació pot suposar un mecanisme per enfrontar l'extractivisme. El treball il·lustra com són justament els mecanismes de poder que operen en el procés de disseny dels projectes d'electrificació impulsats per la cooperació a través dels quals es refermen les visions hegemòniques. La investigació posa de manifest la necessitat de conèixer què valoren les persones i els col·lectius a l'hora de dissenyar intervencions d'electrificació adaptades a les seves diferents realitats i que, al mateix temps, facen front a les desigualtats de poder que eclipsen la pluralitat de visions que emergeixen des dels actors locals. Es rTen Palomares, M. (2016). ¿Qué perspectiva cuenta? Conectando la visión indígena e institucional en el diseño de proyectos de electrificación rural impulsados por la cooperación al desarrollo. Experiencias en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/77146TESI

The quest for survival after Franco: The moderate Francoists' slow journey to the polls (1964-1977).

This thesis investigates the trajectory of the moderate members of Franco's regime (known as aperturistas and reformists) over more than one decade until the arrival of democracy in 1977. These moderates, who favoured, in differing degrees, the political reform of the regime, were part of a group of actors who paved the way for the transition to democracy. The period studied ranges from 1964, the year when the Law of Associations was introduced, to 1977, the year of the first democratic elections. The thesis attempts to explain how the acceptance of a democratic system by the moderate Francoists following the dictator's death was partly the result of their early advocacy of political reform. Their reasons for advocating political reform were rooted in (i) the economic and social development experienced in Spain from the beginning of the 1960s, and (ii) their wish to avoid the dramatic break with the dictatorship (ruptura) proposed by the democratic opposition in the 1970s. The ruptura option implied the destruction of all Francoist institutions, laws, and lifestyle, and, with them, the political elimination of the moderate Francoists themselves. Their political survival became at stake after the death of Franco in 1975. From 1975, therefore, many members of the regime supported the arrival of democracy (without the Communist's participation) merely as a strategy for their political survival. But, in the case of some moderates, their participation in the process of democratising Spain was a natural step after their long-standing advocacy of reform. Important research has been done on the study of the moderate Francoists in the early 1970s, but the trajectory of their personal and political ideologies throughout the 1960s has thus far been largely neglected. During the transition process, the regime's reformists acted as a bridge between the hard-liners of the regime and a strong democratic opposition, helping King Juan Carlos, Adolfo Suarez and Torcuato Fernandez-Miranda to implement the 1976 Reform Law that swept away the old structures of the regime. The thesis shows that the ultimate importance of the regime reformist in the transition to democracy, therefore, cannot be understood in isolation. It is beyond question, however, that the lack of a group of regime reformists would have yielded a different transition process

Energetic disorder in perovskite/polymer solar cells and its relationship with the interfacial carrier losses

Previous reports have observed a direct relationship between the polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) molecular weight (MW) and the perovskite solar cell (PSC) efficiency. Herein, we analyse how the differences in MW and the differences in energetic disorder influence the interfacial carrier losses in the PSCs under operation conditions and explain the observed differences

The Oaxaca Barrio in Teotihuacan: Mortuary Customs and Ethnicity in Mesoamerica\u27s Greatest Metropolis

This research examines the mortuary customs of the Oaxaca Barrio, one of the foreign settlements in the ancient city of Teotihuacan. The Oaxaca Barrio is associated with the Zapotec homeland in the state of Oaxaca, southern Mexico (roughly 290 miles); but many questions remain unanswered about its origins and development. The mortuary customs of the Oaxaca Barrio show how Zapotec migrants adapted to living in Teotihuacan over a considerable period of time, maintaining aspects of their homeland identity, but also generating a new cultural repertoire by which members of the enclave redefined themselves. The presence of Zapotec people in Teotihuacan has at least three distinct moments or contexts: its origins in a time of Zapotec expansion (200 B.C), the formal settlement of the Oaxaca Barrio (A.D 100), and much later in time, when the barrio shows a hybridization process with singular characteristics (A.D 300). I address in this research two important questions: Why did Zapotec migrants keep their mortuary traditions? How did migrant identity change over time? To answer these questions I present in five chapters general characteristics of the Oaxaca Barrio, theoretical concepts, and archaeological evidence that support the analysis and discussion developed about this foreign group, and finally its mortuary customs and the relationship with its ethnicity. The Zapotec migration to Teotihuacan is important because social, political, economic and ideological aspects are involved, and this topic is not only useful to archaeological studies (in one of the most important cities in Mesoamerica), also it is helpful to anthropological research about modern migrations, and studies of identity and ethnicity in the contemporary world. In Chapter I, I present a general view of the Oaxaca Barrio in Teotihuacan, the chronology and a brief review of the situation in the Zapotec area and Teotihuacan at the moment of the Oaxaca Barrio\u27s foundation, and a general idea of the mortuary customs in each place; also in this chapter I mention the objectives of this investigation and its limits. Chapter II mentions the main theoretical concepts related with this investigation: ethnicity and hybridization, I also approach the main ideas and hypotheses about the political and social structure in the Oaxaca Barrio. Later in Chapter III, I describe the most important archaeological evidence found in each compound excavated until now in the Oaxaca Barrio, and Chapter IV shows the archaeological record of mortuary customs identified in this foreign settlement; in this section I describe four important and basic elements in the mortuary system: type of burial, offerings and practice of funerary rites, and urns. And finally in Chapter V, I present the discussion of each element, making a comparison with funerary practices and characteristics in the Zapotec area, mainly Monte Alban, and Teotihuacan culture; also in this last chapter I mention how could be the syncretism-hybridization process of this foreign settlement, mainly identified through its funerary customs

Residential choice following separation and widowhood in middle and later life in Belgium and Sweden

It is well‐documented that residential moves are connected to life events such as separation or widowhood. However, much less is known about the residential choices that follow these events in middle and later life (between ages 50 and 70) and how the location of family members outside the household relates to these choices. Comparing the cases of Belgium and Sweden, this paper addresses (i) the extent to which (im)mobility after separation or widowhood is associated with the presence of older parents and adult children nearby; (ii) the extent to which the choice of destination is associated with the location of older parents and adult children for those separated, widowed, and married individuals who moved, and (iii) how these patterns vary among men and women. We answer these questions employing logistic regression models and discrete‐choice models fitted to Belgian and Swedish register data from 2012 to 2014. The results show unique patterns of mobility around separation and widowhood which differ from those of continuously married individuals. Separated and widowed men and women in both countries are generally more likely to make a move towards their parents than continuously married ones. Widowhood is also associated with an increased propensity for a move towards one's children. In contrast, separation is associated with a lower propensity for moving towards one's children, especially among menEuropean Research Council, Grant/Award Number: 740113Swedish Research Council, Grant/Award Number: 2019‐00245Strategic Research Council at the Academy of Finland, Grant/Award Number: 345183Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, Grant/Award Number: 2016‐07115Fond de la Recherche Scientifique de Belgique; Walloon Regio

Length-weight relationships for 22 crustaceans and cephalopods from the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain)

Life history traits are available for many fish species in different regions, but less so for invertebrates such as cephalopods and crustaceans, though, they are increasingly needed for implementing an ecosystem-based approach. Recent food web modelling in the Gulf of Cadiz has identified invertebrates as keystone groups. However, information on life history traits of such groups remains incomplete in this region. To fill this knowledge gap, we report length-weight relationships for 12 cephalopods and 10 crustaceans collected in the Gulf of Cadiz from 2009 to 2013. This study reports, for the first time, life history traits of nine species in the area (Chlorotocus crassicornis, Pasiphaea sivado, Plesionika heterocarpus, Plesionika martia, Processa canaliculata, Solenocera membranacea, Allotheutis media, Sepia orbignyana and Sepietta oweniana). For each species, length-weight relationships, minimum and maximum lengths, mean weights, and depth ranges are presented. Overall, the results revealed that all species showed negative allometric growth (hypoallometry), except P. sivado, the only species showing an isometric growth pattern. We expect that this study will contribute to link sustainable fisheries with biodiversity conservation goals enabling the implementation of operational ecosystem-based management in the Gulf of Cadiz.IEO through FPIinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio