59 research outputs found
Dublinförordningen och ensamkommande barn
Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda Dublinförordningens reglering av ensamkommande barn. Genom att anvĂ€nda en rĂ€ttsdogmatisk metod analyseras vad det innebĂ€r att den av EU:s medlemsstater som blir ansvarig för att pröva ett ensamkommande barns asylansökan ska faststĂ€llas som ansvarig under förutsĂ€ttning att det Ă€r för barnets bĂ€sta. Ăven en EU-rĂ€ttslig metod anvĂ€nds dĂ„ det mest centrala materialet utgörs av EU-rĂ€ttsliga kĂ€llor. För att förstĂ„ betydelsen av principen om barnets bĂ€sta har uppsatsen sin utgĂ„ngspunkt i barnkonventionen. Generellt anses en överföring av ett ensamkommande barn frĂ„n en medlemsstat till en annan pĂ„verka barnet negativt, och dĂ€rmed inte vara förenligt med principen om barnets bĂ€sta. Enligt Dublinförordningen gĂ€ller principen om första asylland som huvudregel. Undantag frĂ„n principen om första asylland görs om nĂ„got av ansvarskriterierna i förordningen Ă€r tillĂ€mpliga, dĂ€ribland ansvarskriterierna i artikel 8 som sĂ€rskilt reglerar ensamkommande barn. I artikel 8 görs en distinktion mellan ensamkommande barn med och utan familj eller slĂ€kt inom unionen. Ensamkommande barn med familj eller slĂ€kt i en annan medlemsstat Ă€n dĂ€r barnet befinner sig ska överföras till den medlemsstat dĂ€r familj eller slĂ€kt vistas. Principen om barnets bĂ€sta utgör hĂ€r ett undantag och Ă€r en överföring inte förenligt med principen ska en överföring inte ske. FamiljeĂ„terförening Ă€r i de flesta fall förenligt med barnets bĂ€sta. Avseende ensamkommande barn utan familj eller slĂ€kt inom unionen Ă€r Dublinförordningens formulering otydlig. EU-domstolen har slagit fast att denna kategori av ensamkommande barn ska fĂ„ sin ansökan prövad i den medlemsstat dĂ€r barnet nu befinner sig, det med hĂ€nvisning till barnets bĂ€sta. Europeiska kommissionen har kommit med ett förslag som skulle innebĂ€ra att principen om första asylland ska gĂ€lla Ă€ven för ensamkommande barn utan familj eller slĂ€kt inom unionen. För majoriteten av ensamkommande barn utan familj eller slĂ€kt inom unionen fĂ„r det dock anses bĂ€st att inte överföras, det bland annat ur effektivitetssynpunkt.The purpose of this thesis is to examine the Dublin Regulation and unaccompanied minors. By using a legal dogmatic method the thesis analyses the meaning of the childÂŽs best interest when determining which of the EU member states that is responsible for examining an unaccompanied minorÂŽs asylum application. Legal material from the EU has been of significant importance for this thesis, and therefore the legal method used within the union is also used to fulfil the purpose. To be able to understand the principle of the childÂŽs best interest the meaning of the principle in the Convention on the Rights of the Child is studied. In general, it has a negative impact on a child to be transferred to another member state, and a transfer is not in accordance with the childÂŽs best interest. The Dublin Regulation states that the member state in which an asylum seeker first applies for asylum is responsible for examining the application. Unaccompanied minors are one of the exceptions to this rule. Article 8 in the regulation makes a distinction between unaccompanied minors with and without family members or relatives within the EU. Unaccompanied minors with family members or relatives within the EU should be transferred to the member state in which the family members or relatives are present. A decision about transfer in these cases should not be taken if itÂŽs not the childÂŽs best interest. In most cases a family reunification is in accordance with the childÂŽs best interest. For unaccompanied minors without family members or relatives within the EU the regulation is rather vague. The European Court of Justice has established that the responsible member state for this category of unaccompanied minors, due to the childÂŽs best interest, would be the member state in which the minor is present. The European Commission has lodged a proposal that would mean that these minors get their applications examined in the member state in which they first applied for asylum. But considering, for instance, efficiency the childÂŽs best interest for the majority of these unaccompanied minors is to not be transferred
Situationen i hemlandet inom migrationsrÀtten - TillÀmpningen av 5 kap. 6 § UtlL ur ett rÀttssÀkerhetsperspektiv
Uppsatsens syfte Ă€r att nĂ€rmare undersöka nĂ€r och hur rĂ€ttstillĂ€mparen tar hĂ€nsyn till en utlĂ€nnings situation i hemlandet för att bevilja uppehĂ„llstillstĂ„nd pĂ„ grund av synnerligen ömmande omstĂ€ndigheter enligt 5 kap. 6 § UtlL. BĂ„de gĂ€llande rĂ€tt och rĂ€ttstillĂ€mparens roll diskuteras utifrĂ„n ett rĂ€ttssĂ€kerhetsperspektiv. Enligt 5 kap. 6 § UtlL fĂ„r en utlĂ€nning beviljas uppehĂ„llstillstĂ„nd om det efter en samlad bedömning av utlĂ€nningens situation föreligger synnerligen ömmande omstĂ€ndigheter som gör att utlĂ€nningen bör tillĂ„tas stanna i Sverige. Enligt bestĂ€mmelsen Ă€r utlĂ€nningens situation i hemlandet en omstĂ€ndighet som sĂ€rskilt ska beaktas vid den samlade bedömningen. OmstĂ€ndigheter hĂ€nförliga till situationen i hemlandet kan till exempel vara om en utlĂ€nning riskerar att bli socialt utstött vid ett Ă„tervĂ€ndande. Ăven viss typ av traumatisering, till exempel pĂ„ grund av tortyr eller mĂ€nniskohandel i hemlandet, kan vara en sĂ„dan omstĂ€ndighet. 5 kap. 6 § UtlL ska tillĂ€mpas restriktivt och enbart i undantagsfall kan uppehĂ„llstillstĂ„nd beviljas till följd av en prövning enligt bestĂ€mmelsen. Enligt lagtexten ska alla huvudgrunder i 4 kap. 1-2a §§ UtlL ha uteslutits innan en prövning enligt 5 kap. 6 § UtlL kan göras. Men Ă€ven efter att huvudgrunderna har uteslutits Ă€r det upp till rĂ€ttstillĂ€mparen om det Ă€r lĂ€mpligt med en tillĂ€mpning av 5 kap. 6§ UtlL eller inte, bestĂ€mmelsen Ă€r fakultativ. SĂ€rskilt avseende en utlĂ€nnings situation i hemlandet uppstĂ„r ofta grĂ€nsdragningsproblem gentemot andra grunder för uppehĂ„llstillstĂ„nd i 4 kap. 1-2a §§ UtlL, d.v.s. uppehĂ„llstillstĂ„nd pĂ„ grund av skyddsbehov. Det gĂ„r inte generellt att definiera vilka omstĂ€ndigheter som Ă€r hĂ€nförliga till den ena eller andra grunden, vilket bidrar till oklarhet i processen. Ofta tillĂ€mpas 5 kap. 6 § UtlL i de fall omstĂ€ndigheterna inte varit av tillrĂ€cklig tyngd för att uppehĂ„llstillstĂ„nd skulle kunna beviljas med stöd av 4 kap. 1-2a §§ UtlL. Eftersom att 5 kap. 6 § UtlL Ă€r otydligt formulerad fĂ„r rĂ€ttstillĂ€mparen ett stort ansvar i processen. Det föreligger en stor risk för godtycklig praxis i och med det stora tolkningsutrymme som bestĂ€mmelsen ger upphov till. TillĂ€mpningens oförutsebarhet gör att 5 kap. 6 § UtlL och dess formulering kan kritiseras utifrĂ„n ett rĂ€ttssĂ€kerhetsperspektiv.This essay aims to examine when and how the legal practitioners take an alienÂŽs situation in his or hers home country in account to grant residence permit due to particularly distressing circumstances according to the Swedish Aliens Act. Both the law and the role of the legal practitionersâ compliance with the rule of law are discussed. According to the Swedish Aliens Act an alien can be granted a residence permit and should be allowed to stay in Sweden if there, after an overall assessment, are particularly distressing circumstances. The alienÂŽs situation in his or hers home country is one of the circumstances that should be especially taken in consideration in the overall assessment. An example of a circumstance related to the situation in the home country is if there is a risk for the alien to be socially excluded from the society. If an alien has been traumatized, for example from torture or trafficking, that can also be a circumstance related to the situation in the home country. An alien should only be granted a residence permit due to particularly distressing circumstances in exceptional cases. First all main grounds for residence permit in the Swedish Aliens Act have to be dismissed, and even if so the legal practitioners have to be restrictive in the overall assessment. The legal practitioners have no obligation to administer the law about particularly distressing circumstances, the article is optional to apply. There are often problems with defining if a circumstance is applicable to the article about particularly distressing circumstances or one of the main grounds for residence permit in the Swedish Aliens Act, especially if the circumstance is related to the situation in the home country. There is no clear distinction of what to apply to which ground and that makes the process unpredictable. One common solution is that the circumstances that werenÂŽt severe enough to grant residence permit due to one of the main grounds, are applied to the article about particularly distressing circumstances. Since particularly distressing circumstances in the Swedish Aliens Act is an unclear article the legal practitioners get a great responsibility in the process of granting residence permit. The large room for interpretation that the unclear article brings, result in a big risk for arbitrary court practice. The article about particularly distressing circumstances is not predictable and itÂŽs compliance with the rule of law can be criticized
Intrauterine exposure to mild analgesics during pregnancy and the occurrence of cryptorchidism and hypospadia in the offspring: The Generation R Study
This article is available open access through the publisherâs website. Copyright @ 2012 The Authors.BACKGROUND - Recently, over-the-counter mild analgesic use during pregnancy has been suggested to influence the risk of reproductive disorders in the offspring. We examined the influence of maternal exposure to mild analgesics during pregnancy on the occurrence of cryptorchidism and hypospadia in their offspring.
METHODS - Associations between maternal exposure to mild analgesics during pregnancy and cryptorchidism or hypospadia in the offspring were studied in 3184 women participating in a large population-based prospective birth cohort study from early pregnancy onwards in the Netherlands (2002â2006), the Generation R Study. Cryptorchidism and hypospadia were identified during routine screening assessments performed in child health care centres by trained physicians. The use of mild analgesics was assessed in three prenatal questionnaires in pregnancy, resulting in four periods of use, namely, periconception period, first 14 weeks of gestation, 14â22 weeks of gestation and 20â32 weeks of gestation. Logistic regression analyses were used to study the associations between maternal exposure to mild analgesics and cryptorchidism and hypospadia.
RESULTS - The cumulative prevalence over 30 months of follow up was 2.1% for cryptorchidism and 0.7% for hypospadia. Use of mild analgesics in the second period of pregnancy (14â22 weeks) increased the risk of congenital cryptorchidism [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17â3.83], primarily due to the use of acetaminophen (paracetamol) (adjusted OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.01â3.51). Among mothers of cryptorchid sons, 33.8% reported (23 of 68) the use of mild analgesics during pregnancy, compared with 31.8% (7 of 22) of mothers with a boy with hypospadia and 29.9% (926 of 3094) of mothers with healthy boys.
CONCLUSIONS - Our results suggest that intrauterine exposure to mild analgesics, primarily paracetamol, during the period in pregnancy when male sexual differentiation takes place, increases the risk of cryptorchidism.Erasmus University Rotterdam, School of Law and Faculty of Social Sciences, the Municipal Health Service Rotterdam area, Rotterdam, the Rotterdam Homecare Foundation, Rotterdam and the Stichting Trombosedienst & Artsenlaboratorium
Rijnmond (STAR), Rotterdam
Prenatal Exposure to Bisphenol A at Environmentally Relevant Doses Adversely Affects the Murine Female Reproductive Tract Later in Life
Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome and the Estrogen Hypothesis: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND: Male reproductive tract abnormalities such as hypospadias and cryptorchidism, and testicular cancer have been proposed to comprise a common syndrome together with impaired spermatogenesis with a common etiology resulting from the disruption of gonadal development during fetal life, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). The hypothesis that in utero exposure to estrogenic agents could induce these disorders was first proposed in 1993. The only quantitative summary estimate of the association between prenatal exposure to estrogenic agents and testicular cancer was published over 10 years ago, and other systematic reviews of the association between estrogenic compounds, other than the potent pharmaceutical estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES), and
TDS end points have remained inconclusive.
OBJECTIVES: We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of the association between the end points related to TDS and prenatal exposure to estrogenic agents. Inclusion in this analysis was based on mechanistic criteria, and the plausibility of an estrogen receptor (ER)-âmediated mode of action was specifically explored.
RESULTS: We included in this meta-analysis eight studies investigating the etiology of hypospadias and/or cryptorchidism that had not been identified in previous systematic reviews. Four additional studies of pharmaceutical estrogens yielded a statistically significant updated summary estimate for testicular cancer.
CONCLUSIONS: The doubling of the risk ratios for all three end points investigated after DES exposure is consistent with a shared etiology and the TDS hypothesis but does not constitute evidence of an estrogenic mode of action. Results of the subset analyses point to the existence of unidentified sources of heterogeneity between studies or within the study population
Tracing identities through interconnections: the biological body, intersubjective experiences and narratives of suffering
Loyalties in clinical research on drugs: The case of hormone replacement therapy
In this study, physicians' loyalties toward patients and pharmaceutical companies in clinical drug research are explored, using Bourdieu's conceptual tools. The utilization of estrogen supplements in so-called hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for healthy menopausal and postmenopausal women is used as a case. For over 60 years a multitude of reports in medical journals have praised the benefits of HRT, even though some studies indicated hazards. Clinical studies and promotional campaigns resulted in prescriptions of HRT for millions of women. A large randomized controlled clinical trial known as the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) in 2002 demonstrated that many of the claims of benefits of HRT had been misguiding; the risks of cancer and heart disease had been proven higher than most purported benefits. I draw on Bourdieu's theories to emphasize that a more distinct demarcation line between those who dispose their economic capital in the interests of producing and promoting products for profit, and those who exchange their cultural capital for economic benefits, is needed to ensure trust in physicians' loyalty to patients is not eroded.Clinical trials Hormone replacement therapy HRT Menopause Bourdieu
Urban spaces and urban life in Ărestad South : the path through a competition brief ending in final proposal
This master thesis is a result of the work thas was done for my entry in the international architectural competition Urban spaces and urban life in Ărestad South, that was announced by Ărestadselskabet on the 31st of October 2006.
The project work lasted from early November until the deadline on 14th of February.
In addition to the proposal that was handed in, the master thesis consists of a number of
reflections about the work that was done and design work in general.
The proposal is an answer to a not that evident task. One would expect that the assigment was clearly defined in the brief of the competition like this. And so it seems to do but to define the real assignment and join your own aims to it from such an extensive brief can be quite time consuming.
Why do architects participate and what is an architectural competition?
How does the brief affect the choices and statements made by the entrants?
What is a square?
What is the strategy that leads to a convincing concept? The role and use of a concept in the design process.
What choices were done regarding visualization of my ideas and what did these choices mean?
These are examples of issues that I considered during the project which I within this essay intend to structure and put to further discussion. It is not at all about finding answers to the defined issues. Most of these issues will most likely remain and will be relevant for me in my future work.
The purpose of this work has been to get to know strategies of working and my own ways of thinking during a larger project. I strongly believe this has given me a stronger basis for both future collaberations as well as individual work.Detta examensarbete Àr ett resultat av genomförandet av den allmÀnna arkitekttÀvlingen Urban
spaces and urban life in Ărestad South, utlyst av Ărestadsselskabet den 31 oktober 2006.
SjÀlva förslagsarbetet pÄgick frÄn början av november fram till inlÀmning den 14 februari.
Förutom tÀvlingsförslaget utgörs examensarbetet av en rad reflektioner kring det utförda
arbetet och kring gestaltningsarbete mer generellt.
Förslaget Àr ett svar pÄ en inte alldeles sjÀlvklar uppgift. Det Àr lÀtt att tro att uppgiften stÄr
tydligt formulerad under en rubrik i programmet. Till synes gör den ju det. Men detta att enbart
finna uppgiften tillsammans med egna mÄl och ambitioner i ett omfattande program var till en
början en stor del av arbetet.
Varför tÀvlar arkitekter och vad Àr en arkitekttÀvling?
Hur pÄverkar ett tÀvlingsprogram den tÀvlandes val?
Vad Àr ett torg?
Vilket tillvÀgagÄngssÀtt nÄr fram till en hÄllbar idé? Konceptets roll i gestaltningsprocessen
Vilka val har gjorts vid visualisering av idéerna och vilken betydelse fick dessa val?
Detta Àr exempel pÄ frÄgestÀllningar som trÀngt sig pÄ under arbetets gÄng och som jag har
strukturerat och resonerat vidare kring. Ambitionen har inte pÄ nÄgot sÀtt varit att tvunget finna
svar. MÄnga av frÄgorna lever kvar och Àr av den karaktÀren att jag kommer att bÀra dem med
mig in i mitt yrkesliv.
MÄlet med detta arbete har varit att lÀra kÀnna arbetssÀtt och resonemang hos mig sjÀlv under
ett större projekt â detta ger en utgĂ„ngspunkt för sĂ„vĂ€l framtida samarbeten som individuella
projekt
Demonstratortest av gassensor baserad pÄ tryckt organisk elektronik och jonledande papper
Researchers at Karlstad University have developed a method for making paper ion conducting. The reasearchers want to test this technique in various applications and produce products that make use of the ion-conducting paper. Hopefully this will drive the development forward and result in new applications for the ion-conducting paper. This study was to test the possibility of manufacturing a gas sensor of conducting paper along with electrodes of conductive polymers printed on the paper. By comparing the paper sensor with an electrochemical cell in which the electrodes of conductive polymer replaces electrodes of metal and ion-conductive paper replaces the liquid electrolyte in the electrochemical cell, it was hoped that it would be possible to measure the oxidation and reduction reactions that a gas could introduce at the electrodes. It was shown that it is possible to measure a potential difference in the range of 0.3 V to 0.5 V between the electrodes when exposing an electrode to 100% oxygen. The reaction that takes place is relatively slow and the reaction rate is partly due to the distance between the electrodes. Since the sensor can measure oxidation and reduction reactions it is possible that, in further development of a sensor, the sensor can be made ââinto a versatile sensor with more applications than gas measurement as there are many more ways to oxidize or reduce the electrodes than by exposure to oxygen. During the study there have been discussions and meetings held with various companies in the sensor industry to be able to specify what the market demands of a sensor made ââof paper and the requirements that must be placed on the sensor for it to be interesting for the companies.PĂ„ Karlstads universitet har forskare tagit fram en metod för att göra papper jonledande. Denna teknik vill forskarna testa att anvĂ€nda i olika tillĂ€mpningar för att fĂ„ fram produkter som anvĂ€nder sig av det jonledande pappret pĂ„ marknaden och pĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt Ă€ven driva utvecklingen framĂ„t. Förhoppningsvis kommer denna utveckling att leda till nya applikationer för det jonledande pappret. MĂ„let med detta arbete var att ta fram en demonstrator för en gassensor tillverkad av detta papper tillsammans med, pĂ„ pappret tryckta, elektroder i ledande polymerer. Genom att likna papperssensorn med en elektrokemisk cell dĂ€r elektroderna av ledande polymer ersatte elektroder i metall och jonpappret ersatte den flytande elektrolyten i den elektrokemiska cellen antogs det att det gick att mĂ€ta de oxidations- och reduktionsreaktioner som en gas skulle kunna introducera pĂ„ elektroderna. Det visade att det Ă€r möjligt att mĂ€ta upp en potentialskillnad i storleksordningen 0,3 â 0,5 V mellan elektroderna nĂ€r en elektrod exponeras för 100 % syrgas. Denna reaktion sker relativt lĂ„ngsamt och reaktionshastigheten beror bland annat pĂ„ avstĂ„ndet mellan elektroderna. Möjligheten att med sensorn mĂ€ta oxidations- och reduktionsreaktioner skulle kunna, genom vidare utveckling, göra sensorn till en mĂ„ngsidig sensor med fler applikationer Ă€n gasmĂ€tning dĂ„ det finns mĂ„nga fler sĂ€tt att oxidera eller reducera elektroderna Ă€n genom exponering för syrgas. Det har under arbetet förts samtal och hĂ„llits möten med olika företag inom sensorbranschen för att kunna specificera vad marknaden önskar av en sensor gjord av papper och vilka krav som mĂ„ste stĂ€llas pĂ„ sensorn för att den skall vara intressant för företagen
- âŠ