Sagnac loop in ring resonators for tunable optical filters

General filter architecture using co- and counterpropagation signals are studied. A specific configuration based on a Sagnac loop within a ring resonator is analyzed. Novel tuning, apart from conventional tuning, is achieved by changing the coupling ratio of a coupler through the adjustment of the equivalent loop length. Full equations describing the filter behavior in passive and active configurations, and simple closed-form formulas to compute the tuning, tolerance, and full-width at half-maximum are reported. The performance of these devices is discussed for their application as selective or channel-dropping ultra-narrow-band filters. The effect of losses and their dispersion properties are also discussed. These devices can be conveniently implemented, using silicon- or InP-integrated optic technology, for they have high free spectral ranges.Publicad

Tunable Optical Filters Using Compound Ring Resonators for DWDM

The device is based on a loop mirror in a ring resonator. The loop mirror allows tuning by changing the coupling coefficient of a directional coupler. The loop mirror is implemented using a Sagnac configuration to have the same optical path between the signals to be interfered (copropagating and counterpropagating ones). The filter structure allows optical integration for having higher free-spectral ranges. Simple design equations for the filter parameters and the tuning are reported. Measurements on a passive optical fiber tunable filter are presented. There is a good agreement between measurements and theory.Publicad

Measurements On Passive Tunable Optical Filters For DWDM

WFOPC 2002 IEEE/LEOS Workshop on Fibre and Optical Passive Components, University of Glasgow, Scotland, on 5th-6th June 2002.Measurements on a passive optical fibre tunable filter are presented. The device is based on a loop mirror in a ring resonator. The loop mirror allows tuning by changing the coupling coefficient of a coupler. The novel filter structure allows planar optical integration for having higher free spectral ranges. Novel and simple design equations for the filter parameters and the tuning process are reported. There is a good agreement between measurements and theory.Universidad Carlos III de MadridPublicad

Envasado y comercialización de aceite de oliva y aceite de orujo

The paper describes the industrial installations and equipments used by the olive oil sector for olive oil packing, the different types of containers used (plastic, glass, tin, and carton), and the diverse technologies applied for filling, stoppering, labelling, and packing as well as the trend and new technologies developed according to the material of the containers and the markets’ demands.Some logistic aspects such as palletization, storage, and shipment of final products are also discussed. The use of modern tools and codification systems like EAN 128 permits to follow the product distribution and assure the traceability of packed oils.The last part of the article includes the world and EU production and consumption of olive oil, paying special attention to the peculiarities of the main EU producers (Spain, Italy, Greece, and Portugal). Finally, the olive oil consumption in third countries is analysed and the consumption and its trend in merging markets like USA, Australia, and Japan commented.En este artículo se describen los equipos e instalaciones industriales que utiliza el sector del aceite de oliva para el envasado de los aceites de oliva, los tipos de envases más empleados (plástico, vidrio, metálicos y cartón) y las diferentes tecnologías de llenado, taponado, etiquetado y embalado, así como las tendencias y nuevas tecnologías en función del material de los envases y la demanda de los mercados.Se contemplan también aspectos logísticos como el paletizado, el almacenamiento y la expedición del producto terminado. El uso de modernas herramientas y sistemas de codificación como el EAN 128 permite el seguimiento del producto y la trazabilidad de los aceites envasados a lo largo de la cadena de distribución.En la última parte del artículo, se indican cifras de producción y consumo de aceite de oliva en el mundo y en la Unión Europea. Se comentan especialmente las peculiaridades de los principales países productores de la Unión Europea: España, Italia, Grecia y Portugal. Finalmente, se hace alusión al consumo de aceite de oliva en países terceros, y más concretamente la evolución del consumo y las perspectivas de futuro en mercados emergentes como Estados Unidos, Australia y Japón

El mercado del libro en España 1989-2006. Un análisis económico

Mientras la literatura económica ofrece diversos estudios sobre las características del mercado del libro en otros países europeos, no existen estudios recientes sobre el mercado del libro en España desde un punto de vista económico. El presente artículo, ofrece una breve perspectiva de la industria de la edición de libros en España, a continuación exponemos aspectos teóricos sobre las características del mercado del libro, para finalizar con un modelo explicativo de la demanda de libros en los últimos 18 años. Para ello, utilizamos los datos proporcionados por el Ministerio de Cultura, la Federación de Gremios de Editores de España y el Instituto Nacional de Estadística.Whereas, economic literature provides some studies of the Book Publishing Industry in some European countries, there are no recent studies of the Spanish Book Market from an economic point of view. In this article we offer, firstly, a brief overview about Spanish Book Publishing Industry, secondly, we study some theoretical approaches to book market and finally we analyze the main factors that have determined book demand in the last 18 years. In this paper, we use data sources from the Ministry of Culture, Spanish Publishers Association, and the National Statistic Institute

Optical router for optical fiber sensor networks based on a liquid crystal cell

Optical fiber sensor networks are evolving rapidly. They are used because of the inert nature of optical fibers allowing no electromagnetic interference and safe applications in inflammable atmospheres; other relevant characteristics are their low weights and wide bandwidths as a transmission medium. In any case, it is very interesting to have specific components such as optical routers for selecting a certain path in a network with no optical to electrical and electrical to optical conversions. In this paper, we propose an all-optical router based on liquid crystals, polarizers, and a spatial split polarization beam splitter. The implemented device is designed to operate with visible light and it has been tested with plastic optical fibers. It has a crosstalk of 14 dB between selected ON channels and nonoperative OFF channels and 11-dB insertion losses. An average switch time of 100 ms is measured. The device checks the optical power level in each channel and, in case of failure, automatically switches to an operative channel while an alarm is activated.Publicad

Is “Self-Experience” Really a Transdiagnostic Concept? Preliminary Evidence in Favor of the Transdiagnostic Conception of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy

The authors would like to thank the University of Almeria's Contextual Therapies training program for the suggestions about the content of this article and financial support.Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) offers a radically behavioral and transdiagnostic conception of the formation of the “self” and the appearance of a diversity of psychological problems. This study examined the extent to which a wide variety of psychological disorders (somatization, obsessive–compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility/aggressiveness, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism) and a global index of psychopathological severity may in fact be linked to problems of the “self” according to the FAP conception. Two questionnaires, one related to self-experience according to FAP and the other to find the scores on several different psychopathology scales, were administered to 280 adult Spaniards for this purpose. The results confirmed the transdiagnostic nature of the “self”-experience. There are significant and strong correlations between all the psychopathology scales studied and self-experience. Linear regression analyses also show that, along with age and gender, in some cases, the score on self-experience predicts each and every one of the psychopathological variables studied, in addition to the Global Severity Index. These results are discussed and related to the transdiagnostic approach to psychopathology.University of Almeria's Contextual Therapies training progra

Exhibition Structural Point: Structures Construction Mock-Ups

The exhibition "STRUCTURAL POINT: Structures Construction Mock-Ups” shows a special emphasis on building structures. This exhibition is made up of 50 detailed mock-ups that show every constructive element, joints and specific details in buildings, where different types of materials (metal, wood and reinforced concrete) have been used. This work has been made by the students of the Building Engineering Degree, as a main exercise in the subjects called “Structures Construction I and II”. Moreover, this activity has been complemented by parallel events during its exposure time at the Museum of the University of Alicante in order to open the degree at a university level, using the exhibition as a meeting point of leading professionals, important specialized construction companies and also, as a promotion of the degree for prospective college students. Finally, it is important to consider that many different elements related with constructive techniques play a key role in the building process: the best construction systems must be used, the most efficient solutions must be considered and the materials must be chosen carefully. All these concepts are basic to be included in the exhibition as they consider essential topics in the field of construction for the students of the degree in the Polytechnic School. In conclusion, the realization of this exhibition has served as global meeting point for students, professionals and future college students

Elaboración y exposición de maquetas constructivas como metodología docente

El arte de construir comprende muchos ámbitos de la técnica: los materiales, las soluciones más eficientes o los sistemas constructivos más adecuados. Todos ellos son conceptos fundamentales en el ámbito de la edificación y se presentan como aspectos imprescindibles en la formación dentro del Grado en Arquitectura Técnica de la Escuela Politécnica Superior. Con este objetivo se plantea la exposición «STRUCTURAL POINT. Maquetas de Construcción de Estructuras»; una exposición que gira en torno a conceptos constructivos, particularizando para las estructuras de edificación, y que muestra 50 maquetas que reproducen encuentros, detalles y elementos constructivos resueltos con distintos materiales (hormigón armado, madera y metal) desarrollados por estudiantes de las asignaturas de Construcción de Estructuras I y II de los citados estudios. Durante el tiempo de exposición en el Museo de la Universidad de Alicante, la actividad se ha complementado con eventos paralelos que han servido como medio de apertura de la propia titulación a nivel universitario, como lugar de reunión de profesionales destacados e importantes empresas especializadas de construcción, así como promoción del grado a los futuros estudiantes universitarios. En conclusión, la realización de esta exposición ha servido como punto de encuentro global de estudiantes, profesionales y futuros estudiantes universitarios