Risk factors for human papilomavirus infection among women in Portugal: the CLEOPATRE Portugal Study

OBJECTIVE: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for a range of diseases, including cervical cancer. The primary objectives of the CLEOPATRE Portugal study were to estimate the overall and age-stratified prevalence of cervical HPV infection and to assess HPV prevalence and type-specific distribution by cytological results among women aged 18 to 64 years, who reside in mainland Portugal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional population-based study recruited women aged 18 to 64 years, according to an age-stratified sampling strategy, who attended gynecology/obstetrics or sexually transmitted disease clinics across the 5 regional health administrations in mainland Portugal between 2008 and 2009. Liquid-based cytology samples were collected and analyzed centrally for HPV genotyping (clinical array HPV 2 assay) and cytology. Prevalence estimates were adjusted for age using 2007 Portuguese census data. RESULTS: A total of 2326 women were included in the study. The overall prevalence of HPV infection in the study was 19.4% (95% confidence interval, 17.8%-21.0%), with the highest prevalence in women aged 18 to 24 years. High-risk HPV types were detected in 76.5% of infections, of which 36.6% involved multiple types. The commonest high-risk type was HPV-16. At least 1 of the HPV types 6/11/16/18 was detected in 32.6% of infections. The HPV prevalence in normal cytology samples was 16.5%. There was a statistically significant association between high-risk infection and cytological abnormalities (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first population-based study to quantify and describe cervical HPV infection in mainland Portugal. This study provides baseline data for future assessment of the impact of HPV vaccination programs

Evolutionary responses to a constructed niche: ancient Mesoamericans as a model of gene-culture coevolution.

Culture and genetics rely on two distinct but not isolated transmission systems. Cultural processes may change the human selective environment and thereby affect which individuals survive and reproduce. Here, we evaluated whether the modes of subsistence in Native American populations and the frequencies of the ABCA1*Arg230Cys polymorphism were correlated. Further, we examined whether the evolutionary consequences of the agriculturally constructed niche in Mesoamerica could be considered as a gene-culture coevolution model. For this purpose, we genotyped 229 individuals affiliated with 19 Native American populations and added data for 41 other Native American groups (n = 1905) to the analysis. In combination with the SNP cluster of a neutral region, this dataset was then used to unravel the scenario involved in 230Cys evolutionary history. The estimated age of 230Cys is compatible with its origin occurring in the American continent. The correlation of its frequencies with the archeological data on Zea pollen in Mesoamerica/Central America, the neutral coalescent simulations, and the F(ST)-based natural selection analysis suggest that maize domestication was the driving force in the increase in the frequencies of 230Cys in this region. These results may represent the first example of a gene-culture coevolution involving an autochthonous American allele

Recurrent Maternal CMV Infection Associated with Symptomatic Congenital Infection: Results from a Questionnaire Study in Portugal

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most widespread agent of congenital infection in humans and is still a challenging issue. Despite lower rates of vertical transmission being associated with recurrent infection when compared with primary infection, the first still represents the majority of congenital infections worldwide. Based on data from active reporting, we explored the influence of maternal primary/non-primary infection both on the presentation and outcome of congenital CMV infection in early childhood.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Registo da Infecção Congénita por Vírus Citomegálico Humano

Introdução: O HCMV é a principal causa de infecção congénita em todo o mundo. Estima-se que em Portugal a prevalência se situe entre 0,7% e 1%. Em 2006 teve início o registo nacional de casos de infecção congénita por CMV realizado pela Unidade de Vigilância Pediátrica da Sociedade Portuguesa de Pediatria (UVP–SPP). O objectivo foi conhecer a epidemiologia da infecção congénita por CMV em Portugal e a evolução das crianças afectadas. Um outro objectivo era preparar um protocolo de diagnóstico e de estudo evolutivo nas crianças afectadas. Nesta apresentação são mostrados os resultados de 5 anos de registo (Janeiro de 2006 a Dezembro de 2010) Materiais e Métodos: Desenho: Estudo de vigilância epidemiológica nacional. A metodologia do registo já foi explicada em estudos anteriores. Critérios de inclusão: crianças com infecção confirmada por cultura viral na urina ou PCR positiva nas primeiras 3 semanas de vida. Os dados clínicos e laboratoriais foram enviados para o grupo coordenador aquando do diagnóstico e ao longo da vigilância clínica. Resultados: Nos 5 anos 15 notificadores notificaram 38 casos – incidência estimada 0.074/1000NV; 16 RN eram sintomáticos e 22 assintomáticos; 19 mães tinham tido infecção primária, 10 infecção recorrente e 9 tinham análises inconclusivas. No grupo dos RN sintomáticos 4 mães tinham tido infecção primária, 3 infecção recorrente e 9 tinham análises inconclusivas; entre os RN assintomáticos, 11 mães tinham tido infecção primária, 5 infecção recorrente e 6 tinham análises inconclusivas. A evolução é conhecida em 9 crianças - 2 sintomáticas e 7 assintomáticos. Discussão e conclusões: A incidência referida está longe da encontrada em outros estudos nacionais o pode ser devido a 3 factores: baixa taxa de notificação; baixa taxa de diagnóstico; percentagem mais elevada do que o esperado de casos assintomáticos resultando de infecção primária. Uma vez que a notificação é requerida apenas para doentes com infecção comprovada e, supostamente, a virúria ou a PCR para CMV só serão pedidos em doentes sintomáticos ou cuja mãe tenha diagnóstico de seroconversão, é difícil aceitar a hipótese de baixa taxa de diagnóstico. Contudo o baixo número de casos implica cuidados na interpretação de resultados

Registo da Infecção Congénita por Vírus Citomegálico Humano

Introdução: O HCMV é a principal causa de infecção congénita em todo o mundo. Estima-se que em Portugal a prevalência se situe entre 0,7% e 1%. Em 2006 teve início o registo nacional de casos de infecção congénita por CMV realizado pela Unidade de Vigilância Pediátrica da Sociedade Portuguesa de Pediatria (UVP–SPP). O objectivo foi conhecer a epidemiologia da infecção congénita por CMV em Portugal e a evolução das crianças afectadas. Um outro objectivo era preparar um protocolo de diagnóstico e de estudo evolutivo nas crianças afectadas. Nesta apresentação são mostrados os resultados de 5 anos de registo (Janeiro de 2006 a Dezembro de 2010) Materiais e Métodos: Desenho: Estudo de vigilância epidemiológica nacional. A metodologia do registo já foi explicada em estudos anteriores. Critérios de inclusão: crianças com infecção confirmada por cultura viral na urina ou PCR positiva nas primeiras 3 semanas de vida. Os dados clínicos e laboratoriais foram enviados para o grupo coordenador aquando do diagnóstico e ao longo da vigilância clínica. Resultados: Nos 5 anos 15 notificadores notificaram 38 casos – incidência estimada 0.074/1000NV; 16 RN eram sintomáticos e 22 assintomáticos; 19 mães tinham tido infecção primária, 10 infecção recorrente e 9 tinham análises inconclusivas. No grupo dos RN sintomáticos 4 mães tinham tido infecção primária, 3 infecção recorrente e 9 tinham análises inconclusivas; entre os RN assintomáticos, 11 mães tinham tido infecção primária, 5 infecção recorrente e 6 tinham análises inconclusivas. A evolução é conhecida em 9 crianças - 2 sintomáticas e 7 assintomáticos. Discussão e conclusões: A incidência referida está longe da encontrada em outros estudos nacionais o pode ser devido a 3 factores: baixa taxa de notificação; baixa taxa de diagnóstico; percentagem mais elevada do que o esperado de casos assintomáticos resultando de infecção primária. Uma vez que a notificação é requerida apenas para doentes com infecção comprovada e, supostamente, a virúria ou a PCR para CMV só serão pedidos em doentes sintomáticos ou cuja mãe tenha diagnóstico de seroconversão, é difícil aceitar a hipótese de baixa taxa de diagnóstico. Contudo o baixo número de casos implica cuidados na interpretação de resultados

Continuous monitoring of ascorbate transport through neuroblastoma cells with a ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate modified microelectrode

The uptake of ascorbate by neuroblastoma cells using a ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate (RuOHCF)-modified carbon fiber disc (CFD) microelectrode (r = 14.5 microm) was investigated. By use of the proposed electrochemical sensor the amperometric determination of ascorbate was performed at 0.0 V in minimum essential medium (MEM, pH = 7.2) with a limit of detection of 25 micromol L(-1). Under the optimum experimental conditions, no interference from MEM constituents and reduced glutathione (used to prevent the oxidation of ascorbate during the experiments) was noticed. The stability of the RuOHCF-modified electrode response was studied by measuring the sensitivity over an extended period of time (120 h), a decrease of around 10% being noticed at the end of the experiment. The rate of ascorbate uptake by control human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, and cells transfected with wild-type Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD WT) or with a mutant typical of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SOD G93A), was in agreement with the level of oxidative stress in these cells. The usefulness of the RuOHCF-modified microelectrode for in vivo monitoring of ascorbate inside neuroblastoma cells was also demonstrated

Molecular epidemiology and prevalence of drug resistance-associated mutations in newly diagnosed HIV-1 patients in Portugal

BACKGROUND: Drug resistance transmission in newly diagnosed, drug-naïve HIV-1 infected individuals has been previously reported, with rates ranging from 5 to 27%. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of resistance-associated mutations in drug-naïve, newly diagnosed patients, as well as monitoring the diversity of HIV-1 strains circulating in Portugal. METHODS: One hundred eighty samples from newly diagnosed patients were prospectively collected during 2003, according to the distribution of HIV-1 infections in Portugal. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data was collected using a standardized form. Population sequencing was performed using an automated sequencer (ABI Prism 3100, Applied Biosystems) and a commercially available assay (ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System, v2.0, Abbott). Stanford HIV Sequence Database was used for interpretation of resistance data; subtyping was performed using the REGA Subtyping Tool. When subtype was unassigned, further analysis was done using an alignment with reference sequences, and phylogenetic tools like Simplot and PHYLIP. Mutations listed by the International AIDS Society-USA were considered, except E44D and V118I. RESULTS: Patient population included 124 males (69%) and 56 females (31%), the median age being 35. Western Europe was the main region of origin (77.2%), followed by Africa (18.3%), South America (2.8%) and Asia (1.1%). The most common route of transmission was heterosexual contact (54.4%), followed by intravenous drug use (20%), homo/bisexual individuals (19.4%) and blood transfusion (0.6%). The commonest subtypes were B (41.7%) and G (29.4%), while other non-B subtypes rated 12.8% and recombinant forms represented 16.1% of the samples. Fourteen patients (7.78%) were identified as carrying resistance-associated mutations. Ten were resistant to drugs from one class, three to drugs from two classes and one to drugs from all three classes. No statistically significant associations were found between age, gender, route of transmission, subtype and resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of newly diagnosed individuals carrying resistance-associated mutations confirms that drug resistance transmission is a public health problem in Portugal, with a possible impact on prevention, treatment and monitoring of HIV-1 infections.status: publishe