Tectonic Geomorphology and Volcano-Tectonic Interaction in the Eastern Boundary of the Southern Cascades (Hat Creek Graben Region), California, USA

The eastern boundary of the Southern Cascades (Hat Creek Graben region), California, USA, is an extensively faulted volcanic corridor between the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau. The morphology of the region is a result of plate motions associated with different tectonic provinces, faulting, and recurring volcanic activity, making it an ideal place to study the interrelationship between tectonics, volcanoes, and geomorphology. We use the morphometry and spatial distribution of volcanoes and their interaction with regional structures to understand howlong termregional deformation can affect volcano evolution. Adatabase of volcanic centers and structures was created frominterpretations of digital elevation models. Volcanic centers were classified by morphological type into cones, sub-cones, shields and massifs. A second classification by height separated the larger and smaller edifices, and revealed an evolutionary trend. Poisson Nearest Neighbor analysis showed that bigger volcanoes are spatially dispersed while smaller ones are clustered. Using volcano centroid locations, about 90 lineaments consisting of at least three centers within 6 km of one another were found, revealing that preferential north-northwest directedpathways control the transport of magma fromthe source to the surface, consistent with the strikes of the major fault systems. Most of the volcano crater and collapse scar openings are perpendicular to the north northwest-directed maximum horizontal stress, expected for extensional environments with dominant normal faulting. Early in the history of a volcano or volcano cluster, melt propagates to the surface using the easiest and most efficient pathway, mostly controlled by the pre-existing normal faults and near-surface stress fields, as indicated by the pervasive vent alignments. Volcano growth continues to be dependent on the regional structures as indicated by the opening directions, suggesting structural control on the growth of the volcanic edifices. The results present a particularly well-defined case in which extension of a volcanic region is accommodated mostly by faulting, and only partly by intrusion to formvolcanoes. This is attributed to a low magma supply rate.</p

The structure, morphology, and surface texture of debris avalanche deposits : field and remote sensing mapping and analogue modelling

Les effondrements de flanc déclenchent de larges avalanches de débris et glissements de terrain, provoquant ainsi une modification de la pente du volcan et altérant le paysage. Les différents types de volcans subissent des effondrements de flanc lors de leur développement. Aux Philippines, par exemple, les volcans présentant des brèches sont les cônes, sub-cônes et volcans massifs. Les avalanches de débris affectent les édifices volcaniques et non-volcaniques ; leur étude constitue donc un enjeu primordial pour l’évaluation des risques naturels. Les dépôts d’avalanche de débris (DAD) présentent des structures de surface et internes, des morphologies et des textures pouvant être utilisées pour déterminer le type de transport, les mécanismes de déformation et les vitesses d’emplacement de l’avalanche de débris. Cependant, sur le terrain, les DAD sont souvent vastes et chaotiques, ainsi l’apport de la télédétection complète l’étude de terrain en apportant une vision d’ensemble de l’avalanche. Notre étude s’intéresse à la structure et morphologie des DAD par l’utilisation de modèles analogiques et en contexte naturel via l’étude du Mt Iriga et Guinsaugon aux Philippines et à travers d’autres sites dans le monde (Mt Meager, Canada ; Storegga Slide, Norvège). L’étude de la vitesse de mise en place, de la dynamique et des mécanismes de déformation des avalanches de débris s’est faite via la modélisation analogique. Il apparait ainsi que la formation de “hummocks” est un processus clé dans la structuration des DAD. Les “hummocks” sont des parties massives du volcan arrachées lors de l’avalanche de débris et qui se disloquent au fur et à mesure de son avancée. Cette dislocation des “hummocks” s’effectue via l’apparition de failles normales à fort pendage qui fusionnent avec les zones de cisaillement à faible pendage situées à la base du glissement. Les “hummocks” fournissent des informations sur les conditions de transport et la composition initiale de l’avalanche. Leur géométrie (taille et forme), leur structure interne et leur distribution spatiale sont des indicateurs de la vitesse du développement de l’avalanche. Ils permettent d’interpréter sa dynamique de mise en place. Les expériences analogiques utilisant une rampe courbée montrent le développement de zones d’accumulation et d’épaississement à l’endroit où les matériaux atteignent une surface de dépôt à faible pente. Les expériences avec des rampes rectilignes montrent de plus long glissement. L’extension de ces avalanches est accommodée par des structures en horst et graben ainsi qu’en transtension. Le dépôt consécutif à l’avalanche peut ê remobilisé lors d’effondrements secondaires. L’ensemble de ces expériences montre que la morphologie de la surface de glissement influence les mécanismes de mise en place, l’extension spatiale et la structure de l’avalanche. La cartographie structurale et morphologique acquise par télédétection ainsi que la description de caractéristiques récurrentes sur plusieurs DAD, difficiles d’accès et jusqu’ici non cartographiés (Süphan Dağı (Turkey), Cerro Pular-Pajonales (Argentina), and Tacna (Peru), a permis de préciser les scénarios, les causes et les facteurs de mise en place des DAD. La cartographie des DAD est une étape nécessaire pour retracer les évènements passés et estimer les risques naturels dans une zone spécifique. L’identification et la description des morphologies et structures des DAD devraient permettre la compréhension des mécanismes de mise en place de l’avalanche.Flank collapse generates avalanches and large landslides that significantly change the shape of a volcano and alter the surrounding landscape. Most types of volcanoes experience flank collapse at some point during their development. In the Philippines, for example, the numerous volcanoes with breached edifices belong to the cone, subcone, and massif morphometric classes. Debris avalanches occur frequently on both volcanic and non-volcanic terrains making it an important geologic event to consider for hazard assessment. Debris avalanche deposits (DAD) preserve surface and internal structures, morphology, and texture that can be used to determine transport type, deformation history, causal mechanism, and emplacement kinematics. However, natural DAD are often too vast and chaotic-seeming in the field so that structural and morphological mapping by remote sensing is a good complement to studying them. This study describes and analyses recurrent structural and morphological features of analogue models and natural DAD at Mt Iriga and Guinsaugon (Philippines), and uses several other examples at Mt Meager (Canada), and Storegga Slide (Norway). The study explores the use of analogue models as landslide kinematics, dynamics, and emplacement and causal mechanism indicators. Hummocks are identified as a key structural element of DAD. Hummocks, a major DAD topographic feature, are formed as the mass in motion slides and evolves by progressive spreading and break up. Internally, high angle normal faults dissect hummocks and merge into low angle shear zones at the base of the slide zone. Hummock size distribution is related to lithology, initial position, and avalanche kinematics. Hummocks provide information on the transport conditions and initial composition of the landslide. Their geometry (size and shape), internal structures, and spatial distribution are kinematic indicators for landslides from development until emplacement and provide a framework for interpreting emplacement dynamics. Experiments with curved analogue ramps show the development of an area of accumulation and thickening, where accelerating materials reach a gently sloped depositional surface. Experiments with straight ramps show a longer slides with continued extension by horst and graben structures and transtensional grabens. A thickened mass is found to subsequently remobilise and advance by secondary collapse. This set of experiments show that failure and transport surface morphology can influence the emplacement mechanism, morphology, and avalanche runout. Structural and morphological mapping by remote sensing, and description of recurrent features at the remote and previously unmapped Süphan Dağı (Turkey), Cerro Pular-Pajonales (Argentina), and Tacna (Peru) DAD suggest scenarios, causes, triggering and emplacement mechanisms of these DAD. These are used to explain their avalanche kinematics and dynamics. Mapping DAD is a necessary step for identifying past events and existing hazards in specific areas. Identifying and describing the DAD structures and morphology will help understand the kinematics and dynamics of the emplaced avalanches

La structure, morphologie, et texture superficielle des dépôts d'avalanche de débris : cartographie de terrain, par télédétection et par modélisation analogique

Flank collapse generates avalanches and large landslides that significantly change the shape of a volcano and alter the surrounding landscape. Most types of volcanoes experience flank collapse at some point during their development. In the Philippines, for example, the numerous volcanoes with breached edifices belong to the cone, subcone, and massif morphometric classes. Debris avalanches occur frequently on both volcanic and non-volcanic terrains making it an important geologic event to consider for hazard assessment. Debris avalanche deposits (DAD) preserve surface and internal structures, morphology, and texture that can be used to determine transport type, deformation history, causal mechanism, and emplacement kinematics. However, natural DAD are often too vast and chaotic-seeming in the field so that structural and morphological mapping by remote sensing is a good complement to studying them. This study describes and analyses recurrent structural and morphological features of analogue models and natural DAD at Mt Iriga and Guinsaugon (Philippines), and uses several other examples at Mt Meager (Canada), and Storegga Slide (Norway). The study explores the use of analogue models as landslide kinematics, dynamics, and emplacement and causal mechanism indicators. Hummocks are identified as a key structural element of DAD. Hummocks, a major DAD topographic feature, are formed as the mass in motion slides and evolves by progressive spreading and break up. Internally, high angle normal faults dissect hummocks and merge into low angle shear zones at the base of the slide zone. Hummock size distribution is related to lithology, initial position, and avalanche kinematics. Hummocks provide information on the transport conditions and initial composition of the landslide. Their geometry (size and shape), internal structures, and spatial distribution are kinematic indicators for landslides from development until emplacement and provide a framework for interpreting emplacement dynamics. Experiments with curved analogue ramps show the development of an area of accumulation and thickening, where accelerating materials reach a gently sloped depositional surface. Experiments with straight ramps show a longer slides with continued extension by horst and graben structures and transtensional grabens. A thickened mass is found to subsequently remobilise and advance by secondary collapse. This set of experiments show that failure and transport surface morphology can influence the emplacement mechanism, morphology, and avalanche runout. Structural and morphological mapping by remote sensing, and description of recurrent features at the remote and previously unmapped Süphan Dağı (Turkey), Cerro Pular-Pajonales (Argentina), and Tacna (Peru) DAD suggest scenarios, causes, triggering and emplacement mechanisms of these DAD. These are used to explain their avalanche kinematics and dynamics. Mapping DAD is a necessary step for identifying past events and existing hazards in specific areas. Identifying and describing the DAD structures and morphology will help understand the kinematics and dynamics of the emplaced avalanches.Les effondrements de flanc déclenchent de larges avalanches de débris et glissements de terrain, provoquant ainsi une modification de la pente du volcan et altérant le paysage. Les différents types de volcans subissent des effondrements de flanc lors de leur développement. Aux Philippines, par exemple, les volcans présentant des brèches sont les cônes, sub-cônes et volcans massifs. Les avalanches de débris affectent les édifices volcaniques et non-volcaniques ; leur étude constitue donc un enjeu primordial pour l’évaluation des risques naturels. Les dépôts d’avalanche de débris (DAD) présentent des structures de surface et internes, des morphologies et des textures pouvant être utilisées pour déterminer le type de transport, les mécanismes de déformation et les vitesses d’emplacement de l’avalanche de débris. Cependant, sur le terrain, les DAD sont souvent vastes et chaotiques, ainsi l’apport de la télédétection complète l’étude de terrain en apportant une vision d’ensemble de l’avalanche. Notre étude s’intéresse à la structure et morphologie des DAD par l’utilisation de modèles analogiques et en contexte naturel via l’étude du Mt Iriga et Guinsaugon aux Philippines et à travers d’autres sites dans le monde (Mt Meager, Canada ; Storegga Slide, Norvège). L’étude de la vitesse de mise en place, de la dynamique et des mécanismes de déformation des avalanches de débris s’est faite via la modélisation analogique. Il apparait ainsi que la formation de “hummocks” est un processus clé dans la structuration des DAD. Les “hummocks” sont des parties massives du volcan arrachées lors de l’avalanche de débris et qui se disloquent au fur et à mesure de son avancée. Cette dislocation des “hummocks” s’effectue via l’apparition de failles normales à fort pendage qui fusionnent avec les zones de cisaillement à faible pendage situées à la base du glissement. Les “hummocks” fournissent des informations sur les conditions de transport et la composition initiale de l’avalanche. Leur géométrie (taille et forme), leur structure interne et leur distribution spatiale sont des indicateurs de la vitesse du développement de l’avalanche. Ils permettent d’interpréter sa dynamique de mise en place. Les expériences analogiques utilisant une rampe courbée montrent le développement de zones d’accumulation et d’épaississement à l’endroit où les matériaux atteignent une surface de dépôt à faible pente. Les expériences avec des rampes rectilignes montrent de plus long glissement. L’extension de ces avalanches est accommodée par des structures en horst et graben ainsi qu’en transtension. Le dépôt consécutif à l’avalanche peut ê remobilisé lors d’effondrements secondaires. L’ensemble de ces expériences montre que la morphologie de la surface de glissement influence les mécanismes de mise en place, l’extension spatiale et la structure de l’avalanche. La cartographie structurale et morphologique acquise par télédétection ainsi que la description de caractéristiques récurrentes sur plusieurs DAD, difficiles d’accès et jusqu’ici non cartographiés (Süphan Dağı (Turkey), Cerro Pular-Pajonales (Argentina), and Tacna (Peru), a permis de préciser les scénarios, les causes et les facteurs de mise en place des DAD. La cartographie des DAD est une étape nécessaire pour retracer les évènements passés et estimer les risques naturels dans une zone spécifique. L’identification et la description des morphologies et structures des DAD devraient permettre la compréhension des mécanismes de mise en place de l’avalanche

Tectonic geomorphology and volcano-tectonic interaction in the eastern boundary of the Southern Cascades (Hat Creek Graben region), California, USA

The eastern boundary of the Southern Cascades (Hat Creek Graben region), California, USA, is an extensively faulted volcanic corridor between the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau. The east-west extending region is in the transition zone between the convergence and subduction of the Gorda Plate underneath the North American Plate; north-south shortening within the Klamath Mountain region; and transcurrent movement in the Walker Lane. We describe the geomorphological and tectonic features, their alignment and distribution, in order to understand the tectonic geomorphology and volcano-tectonic relationships. One outcome of the work is a more refined morpho-structural description that will affect future hazard assessment in the area.A database of volcanic centers and structures was created from interpretations of topographic models generated from satellite images. Volcanic centers in the region were classified by morphological type into cones, sub-cones, shields and massifs. A second classification by height separated the bigger and smaller edifices and revealed an evolutionary trend. Poisson Nearest Neighbor analysis shows that bigger volcanoes are spatially dispersed while smaller ones are clustered. Using volcano centroid locations, about 90 lineaments consisting of at least three centers within 6km of one another were found, revealing that preferential north-northwest directed pathways control the transport of magma from the source to the surface, consistent with the strikes of the major fault systems. Most of the volcano crater openings are perpendicular to the maximum horizontal stress, expected for extensional environments with dominant normal regional faults. These results imply that the extension of the Hat Creek Graben region and impingement of the Walker Lane is accommodated mostly by extensional faults and partly by the intrusions that formed the volcanoes. Early in the history of a volcano or volcano cluster, melt produced at depth in the region propagates to the surface using the easiest and most efficient pathway, mostly controlled by these pre-existing extensional faults and near-surface stress fields. Continued volcano growth is less closely dependent on the regional structures, suggesting control by the development of the volcanic edifice itself

The structure, morphology, and surface texture of debris avalanche deposits (field and remote sensing mapping and analogue modelling)

Les effondrements de flanc déclenchent de larges avalanches de débris et glissements de terrain, provoquant ainsi une modification de la pente du volcan et altérant le paysage. Les différents types de volcans subissent des effondrements de flanc lors de leur développement. Aux Philippines, par exemple, les volcans présentant des brèches sont les cônes, sub-cônes et volcans massifs. Les avalanches de débris affectent les édifices volcaniques et non-volcaniques ; leur étude constitue donc un enjeu primordial pour l évaluation des risques naturels. Les dépôts d avalanche de débris (DAD) présentent des structures de surface et internes, des morphologies et des textures pouvant être utilisées pour déterminer le type de transport, les mécanismes de déformation et les vitesses d emplacement de l avalanche de débris. Cependant, sur le terrain, les DAD sont souvent vastes et chaotiques, ainsi l apport de la télédétection complète l étude de terrain en apportant une vision d ensemble de l avalanche. Notre étude s intéresse à la structure et morphologie des DAD par l utilisation de modèles analogiques et en contexte naturel via l étude du Mt Iriga et Guinsaugon aux Philippines et à travers d autres sites dans le monde (Mt Meager, Canada ; Storegga Slide, Norvège). L étude de la vitesse de mise en place, de la dynamique et des mécanismes de déformation des avalanches de débris s est faite via la modélisation analogique. Il apparait ainsi que la formation de hummocks est un processus clé dans la structuration des DAD. Les hummocks sont des parties massives du volcan arrachées lors de l avalanche de débris et qui se disloquent au fur et à mesure de son avancée. Cette dislocation des hummocks s effectue via l apparition de failles normales à fort pendage qui fusionnent avec les zones de cisaillement à faible pendage situées à la base du glissement. Les hummocks fournissent des informations sur les conditions de transport et la composition initiale de l avalanche. Leur géométrie (taille et forme), leur structure interne et leur distribution spatiale sont des indicateurs de la vitesse du développement de l avalanche. Ils permettent d interpréter sa dynamique de mise en place. Les expériences analogiques utilisant une rampe courbée montrent le développement de zones d accumulation et d épaississement à l endroit où les matériaux atteignent une surface de dépôt à faible pente. Les expériences avec des rampes rectilignes montrent de plus long glissement. L extension de ces avalanches est accommodée par des structures en horst et graben ainsi qu en transtension. Le dépôt consécutif à l avalanche peut ê remobilisé lors d effondrements secondaires. L ensemble de ces expériences montre que la morphologie de la surface de glissement influence les mécanismes de mise en place, l extension spatiale et la structure de l avalanche. La cartographie structurale et morphologique acquise par télédétection ainsi que la description de caractéristiques récurrentes sur plusieurs DAD, difficiles d accès et jusqu ici non cartographiés (Süphan Dağı (Turkey), Cerro Pular-Pajonales (Argentina), and Tacna (Peru), a permis de préciser les scénarios, les causes et les facteurs de mise en place des DAD. La cartographie des DAD est une étape nécessaire pour retracer les évènements passés et estimer les risques naturels dans une zone spécifique. L identification et la description des morphologies et structures des DAD devraient permettre la compréhension des mécanismes de mise en place de l avalanche.Flank collapse generates avalanches and large landslides that significantly change the shape of a volcano and alter the surrounding landscape. Most types of volcanoes experience flank collapse at some point during their development. In the Philippines, for example, the numerous volcanoes with breached edifices belong to the cone, subcone, and massif morphometric classes. Debris avalanches occur frequently on both volcanic and non-volcanic terrains making it an important geologic event to consider for hazard assessment. Debris avalanche deposits (DAD) preserve surface and internal structures, morphology, and texture that can be used to determine transport type, deformation history, causal mechanism, and emplacement kinematics. However, natural DAD are often too vast and chaotic-seeming in the field so that structural and morphological mapping by remote sensing is a good complement to studying them. This study describes and analyses recurrent structural and morphological features of analogue models and natural DAD at Mt Iriga and Guinsaugon (Philippines), and uses several other examples at Mt Meager (Canada), and Storegga Slide (Norway). The study explores the use of analogue models as landslide kinematics, dynamics, and emplacement and causal mechanism indicators. Hummocks are identified as a key structural element of DAD. Hummocks, a major DAD topographic feature, are formed as the mass in motion slides and evolves by progressive spreading and break up. Internally, high angle normal faults dissect hummocks and merge into low angle shear zones at the base of the slide zone. Hummock size distribution is related to lithology, initial position, and avalanche kinematics. Hummocks provide information on the transport conditions and initial composition of the landslide. Their geometry (size and shape), internal structures, and spatial distribution are kinematic indicators for landslides from development until emplacement and provide a framework for interpreting emplacement dynamics. Experiments with curved analogue ramps show the development of an area of accumulation and thickening, where accelerating materials reach a gently sloped depositional surface. Experiments with straight ramps show a longer slides with continued extension by horst and graben structures and transtensional grabens. A thickened mass is found to subsequently remobilise and advance by secondary collapse. This set of experiments show that failure and transport surface morphology can influence the emplacement mechanism, morphology, and avalanche runout. Structural and morphological mapping by remote sensing, and description of recurrent features at the remote and previously unmapped Süphan Dağı (Turkey), Cerro Pular-Pajonales (Argentina), and Tacna (Peru) DAD suggest scenarios, causes, triggering and emplacement mechanisms of these DAD. These are used to explain their avalanche kinematics and dynamics. Mapping DAD is a necessary step for identifying past events and existing hazards in specific areas. Identifying and describing the DAD structures and morphology will help understand the kinematics and dynamics of the emplaced avalanches.CLERMONT FD-Bib.électronique (631139902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Destroying a volcanic edifice-interactions between edifice instabilities and the volcanic plumbing system

Volcanic edifices can collapse during their lifetime, often more than once. Volcano collapses have been documented worldwide in various tectonic settings. They can affect small and large edifices and active or non-active volcanoes. Long- or short-term instabilities develop within or below the edifice, deform its shape and a sudden trigger might prompt volcano failure, resulting in a volcanic landslide. The volume portion of the edifice involved in the collapse can vary from ~0.1 to 10 km3 and depends on the size of the edifice and the location of the failure plane. A shallow-seated failure plane will likely not affect the volcanic plumbing system, while a deep-seated failure plane may impact the structure and the orientation of the volcanic and igneous plumbing system and can influence the post-collapse volcanic activity and type of erupted magma. This then influences how an active edifice can rebuild itself.</p

Hummocks: how they form and how they evolve in rockslide-debris avalanches

International audienceHummocks are topographic features of large landslides and rockslide-debris avalanches common in volcanic settings. We use scaled analog models to study hummock formation and explore their importance in understanding landslide kinematics and dynamics. The models are designed to replicate large-scale volcanic collapses but are relevant also to non-volcanic settings. We characterize hummocks in terms of their evolution, spatial distribution, and internal structure from slide initiation to final arrest. Hummocks initially form by extensional faulting as a landslide begins to move. During motion, individual large blocks develop and spread, creating an initial distribution, with small hummocks at the landslide front and larger ones at the back. As the mass spreads, hummocks can get wider but may decrease in height, break up, or merge to form bigger and long anticlinal hummocks when confined. Hummock size depends on their position in the initial mass, modified by subsequent breakup or coalescence. A hummock has normal faults that flatten into low-angle detachments and merge with a basal shear zone. In areas of transverse movement within a landslide, elongate hummocks develop between strike–slip flower structures. All the model structures are consistent with field observations and suggest a general brittle-slide emplacement for most landslide avalanches. Absence of hummocks and fault-like features in the deposit may imply a more fluidal flow of emplacement or very low cohesion of lithologies. Hummocks can be used as kinematic indicators to indicate landslide evolution and reconstruct initial failures and provide a framework with which to study emplacement dynamics

Morphometric classification and spatial distribution of Philippine volcanoes

The Philippine Island Arc has a large number of volcanoes with diverse morphologies, making it an ideal location to study the factors controlling the morphology and spatial distribution of island arc volcanoes. We have identified 731 volcanic edifices using the SRTM 30 m digital elevation model, and computed their quantitative morphology using the MORVOLC algorithm. Hierarchical classification by principal component (PC) analysis distinguishes four volcano types: small flat cones, small steep cones, large cones, and massifs, with mean volumes of 0.2 km3 (<6.2 km3), 0.4 km3 (<9 km3), 29 km3 (0.15–178 km3), 267 km3 (76–675 km3), mean heights of 125 m (16–721 m), 260 m (53–971 m), 842 m (59–2313 m), 1533 m (1012–2175 m), and mean slopes of 13° (3–21°), 22° (14–37°), 15° (3–28°), 15° (11–22°), respectively. This classification is based mainly on their size and irregularity (PC1) and steepness (mean slope and height/basal width ratio; PC2), and to a lesser extent on the size of the summit region and edifice truncation (PC3) and edifice elongation (PC4). These morphological volcano classes represent stages along an evolutionary trend. The small flat cones are mostly monogenetic, whereas the small steep cone class represents an early growth stage. Some can develop into large polygenetic cones while a few can further grow laterally into massifs, both of which are preferentially found on thickened crust. There is a trend towards more silicic compositions from small to large cones, perhaps due to larger edifice loads preventing mafic dykes from reaching the surface. The distribution and alignment of the edifices within volcanic fields seems to be influenced by both regional and local stress fields and pre-existing structures.Fil: Paguican, Engielle Mae. Vrije Unviversiteit Brussel; Bélgica. Caraga State University; FilipinasFil: Grosse, Pablo. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Fabbro, Gareth N.. Earth Observatory Of Singapore; Singapur. Caraga State University; FilipinasFil: Kervyn, Matthieu. Vrije Unviversiteit Brussel; Bélgic

Volcano-tectonic controls and emplacemnt kinematics of the Iriga debris avalanches (Philippines)

International audienc