Foreign direct investment and spillovers : gradualism may be better

The definitive version is available at www3.interscience.wiley.comThe standard argument says that in the presence of positive spillovers foreign direct investment should be promoted and subsidized. In contrast, this paper claims that the very existence of spillovers may require temporarily restricting FDI. Our argument is based on two features of spillovers: they are limited by the economy's absorptive capacity and they take time to materialize. By letting in capital more gradually, initial investment has the time to create spillovers – and upgrade the economy's absorptive capacity – before further investment occurs. The economy converges to a steady state with a superior technology and a greater capital stockPublicad

Factors Affecting the Plasticity of Sodium Chloride, Lithium Fluoride, and Magnesium Oxide Single Crystals

A study was made of the relative magnitude of the effects of various factors on the ductility of single crystals of sodium chloride (NaCl), lithium fluoride (LiF), and magnesium oxide (MgO). Specimen treatments included water-polishing, varying cleavage rate, annealing, quenching, X-irradiation, surface coating, aging, and combinations of some of these treatments. The mechanical behavior of the crystals was studied in flexure and in compression, the latter study being performed at both constant strain rate and constant load. Etch-pit studies were carried out to provide some pertinent information on the results of pretreatment on the dislocation concentration and distribution in the vicinity of the surface. The load deformation curves for these ionic single crystals show an initial region of very low slope which proved to be due to anelastic deformation. The extent of initial anelastic deformation is modified by specimen pretreatment in a way that suggests that this deformation is the result of expansion of cleaved-in dislocation loops, which can contract on the removal of the stress. The effects of the various pretreatments on the load and deflection at fracture are in accord with the prediction one might make with regard to their effect on the nucleation of fatal surface cracks. For NaCl, increases in ductility are always accompanied by increases in strength. The creep constants for NaCl are a function of treatments which affect the bulk structure but are not a function of treatments which only affect the surface

Advanced Lithography Simulation Tools for Development and Analysis of Wide-Field High Numerical Aperture Projection Optical Systems

Industrial demands for integrated circuits of higher speed and complexity have required the development of advanced lithographic exposure tools capable of sub-half micron resolution over increasingly larger fields. To this end, i-line and deep-uv tools employing Variable, high numerical aperture (NA) objectives are being aggressively developed. The design and manufacture of these advanced optical systems has also grown in complexity, since tighter tolerances on resolution and image placement must be maintained over the larger lens field. At the same time, usable focus and exposure latitude must be retained. The influence of lens aberrations on image formation under different illumination conditions, along with their non-intuitive nature has required the development of simulation tools that allow both the designer and the user of these systems to better understand their implications. These tools can be used to investigate and optimize the lithography process, including the effects of emerging technologies such as phase-shift masking, oblique illumination and frequency plane filtering./super 1,2,3/ This paper presents a method for determining the effects and interactions of various aberrations and illumination conditions using a statistically designed experhnent./super 4/ Fundamental differences in the way the aerial image is formed when varying the pupil energy distribution in the presence of aberrations are presented, as are examples of some of the more interesting effects

Kinematic Orbits and the Structure of the Internal Space for Systems of Five or More Bodies

The internal space for a molecule, atom, or other n-body system can be conveniently parameterised by 3n-9 kinematic angles and three kinematic invariants. For a fixed set of kinematic invariants, the kinematic angles parameterise a subspace, called a kinematic orbit, of the n-body internal space. Building on an earlier analysis of the three- and four-body problems, we derive the form of these kinematic orbits (that is, their topology) for the general n-body problem. The case n=5 is studied in detail, along with the previously studied cases n=3,4.Comment: 38 pages, submitted to J. Phys.

Prescription Drug Abuse Communication: A Qualitative Analysis of Prescriber and Pharmacist Perceptions and Behaviors

Background: Interpersonal communication is inherent in a majority of strategies seeking to engage prescriber and pharmacist health care professionals (HCPs) in the reduction and prevention of prescription drug abuse (PDA). However, research on HCP PDA communication behavioral engagement and factors that influence it is limited. Objectives This study quantitatively examined communication behaviors and trait-level communication metrics, and qualitatively described prescription drug abuse-related communication perceptions and behaviors among primary care prescribers and community pharmacists. Methods: Five focus groups (N = 35) were conducted within the Appalachian Research Network (AppNET), a rural primary care practice-based research network (PBRN) in South Central Appalachia between February and October, 2014. Focus groups were structured around the administration of three previously validated trait-level communication survey instruments, and one instrument developed by the investigators to gauge HCP prescription drug abuse communication engagement and perceived communication importance. Using a grounded theory approach, focus group themes were inductively derived and coded independently by study investigators. Member-checking interviews were conducted to validate derived themes. Results: Respondents\u27 trait-level communication self-perceptions indicated low communication apprehension, high self-perceived communication competence, and average willingness to communicate as compared to instrument specific criteria and norms. Significant variation in HCP communication behavior engagement was noted specific to PDA. Two overarching themes were noted for HCP-patient communication: 1) influencers of HCP communication and prescribing/dispensing behaviors, and 2) communication behaviors. Multiple sub-themes were identified within each theme. Similarities were noted in perceptions and behaviors across both prescribers and pharmacists. Conclusions: Despite the perceived importance of engaging in PDA communication, HCPs reported that prescription drug abuse communication is uncomfortable, variable, multifactorial, and often avoided. The themes that emerged from this analysis support the utility of communication science and health behavior theories to better understand and improve PDA communication behaviors of both prescribers and pharmacists, and thereby improve engagement in PDA prevention and treatment

La comunicación electrónica facilita la investigación de un brote de alta dispersión: salmonella en la super carretera

Los brotes ampliamente dispersos de enfermedades de origen alimenticio son un problema emergente de salud pública. El aumento de la movilidad de la población y la amplia distribución de los alimentos producidos centralmente significan que cuando un brote de enfermedad alimenticia ocurre, las personas afectadas pueden distribuirse a través de el país o aún del mundo. Los brotes ampliamente dispersos desafían los limitados recursos de salud pública; pueden ser difíciles detectar, laboriosos, y consumir mucho tiempo para investigarlos. Nosotros informamos la rápida y eficiente investigación de un brote ampliamente disperso interestatal mediante la comunicación electrónica entre los pacientes posibles y trabajadores de salud pública.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

La comunicación electrónica facilita la investigación de un brote de alta dispersión: salmonella en la super carretera

Los brotes ampliamente dispersos de enfermedades de origen alimenticio son un problema emergente de salud pública. El aumento de la movilidad de la población y la amplia distribución de los alimentos producidos centralmente significan que cuando un brote de enfermedad alimenticia ocurre, las personas afectadas pueden distribuirse a través de el país o aún del mundo. Los brotes ampliamente dispersos desafían los limitados recursos de salud pública; pueden ser difíciles detectar, laboriosos, y consumir mucho tiempo para investigarlos. Nosotros informamos la rápida y eficiente investigación de un brote ampliamente disperso interestatal mediante la comunicación electrónica entre los pacientes posibles y trabajadores de salud pública.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

La comunicación electrónica facilita la investigación de un brote de alta dispersión: salmonella en la super carretera

Los brotes ampliamente dispersos de enfermedades de origen alimenticio son un problema emergente de salud pública. El aumento de la movilidad de la población y la amplia distribución de los alimentos producidos centralmente significan que cuando un brote de enfermedad alimenticia ocurre, las personas afectadas pueden distribuirse a través de el país o aún del mundo. Los brotes ampliamente dispersos desafían los limitados recursos de salud pública; pueden ser difíciles detectar, laboriosos, y consumir mucho tiempo para investigarlos. Nosotros informamos la rápida y eficiente investigación de un brote ampliamente disperso interestatal mediante la comunicación electrónica entre los pacientes posibles y trabajadores de salud pública.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria