Human papillomavirus in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus: association with viral load and lymphocyte count

Women living with human immunodeficiency virus are at an increased risk of developing cancers related to human papillomavirus (HPV). Thus, it is important to combine clinical assessments, serological screening, and HPV data for planning prevention policies. This study aimed to identify HPV and its specific types in the cervical, anal, and oral mucosa of HIV-seropositive women, associating it with viral load and lymphocyte count. Sociodemographic characteristics, health data (CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts and viral load), and biological samples (cervical, anal, and oral) were collected from 86 HIV-positive women undergoing antiretroviral therapy. Data were classified according to the presence or absence of HPV-DNA, HPV-DNA presence at one or more anatomic sites, and level of oncogenic risk, considering low- and high-risk oncogenic HPV-DNA groups. The presence of HPV in the cervicovaginal site was 65.9%, 63.8% in anal canal, and 4.2% in oral mucosa. A viral load ≥75 HIV copies/mL was associated with the presence of HPV-DNA. There was an association between viral load and the low-risk HPV or high-risk HPV groups. We found a high prevalence of HPV infection in HIV-seropositive women, particularly in the cervical and anal mucosa, with viral load ≥75 HIV copies/mL being associated with HPV-DNA presence

Causas de mortalidade neonatal no Brasil de 2018 a 2021 – um estudo ecológico

A morte neonatal é aquela que ocorre no período de zero a vinte sete dias de vida, sendo responsável por aproximadamente 70% das mortes no primeiro ano de vida, logo, é de suma importância compreender, assim como intervir, nos fatores que confluem para a manutenção dos altos índices desses marcadores no Brasil. Tendo em vista o perfil heterogêneo dos determinantes de saúde no país, as tendências de mortalidade neonatal também são diferentes, no entanto, de forma constante nas diferentes regiões do Brasil, a morte neonatal está intimamente relacionada à prematuridade, ao baixo peso ao nascer, às malformações congênitas e sofrimento fetal, e, por conseguinte, a todos os fatores socioeconômicos e biológicos que gerem essas condições. Dessa forma, o presente estudo possui como objetivo descrever as principais causas de óbito neonatal, identificar entre elas, as evitáveis, e caracterizar como impactam nesse indicador de saúde nacional. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, cuja população de referência serão os neonatos do sexo feminino e masculino, residentes em todo o território brasileiro entre os anos de 2018 a 2021, sendo que foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM), do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) e do TABNET obtidos pelo Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). Espera-se caracterizar a etiologia da mortalidade neonatal, bem como compreender quais fatores são passíveis de intervenção para que o estudo contribua na melhoria da assistência à gestante, à puérpera, e ao recém-nascido, e na redução da tendência da mortalidade neonatal no país

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: clinical characteristics and viral genotyping in a Brazilian population

This study presents 25 cases of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) that occurred in Sao Luis, Maranhao State, Northeast region, Brazil, between January 2007 and December 2018. Sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients as well as human papillomavirus (HPV) infection status were evaluated. Clinical and histopathological data were collected from the patients’ medical records. For the HPV infection analysis, DNA was extracted and subjected to amplification by a nested polymerase chain reaction. Viral genotyping was performed by automated sequencing. The median age of patients was 12.40 ± 12.6. years, and the juvenile form of the disease (68%) was the predominant form of disease. Female participants were predominant (60%), and they were from cities located in the interior of the State (60%). The most common clinical manifestation was dysphonia; recurrence was observed in most cases (56%), and tracheostomy was necessary in seven patients (26.9%). When comparing the RRP forms, patients in the juvenile-RRP group had higher recurrence rates and need of tracheostomy than those in the adult-RRP group. The viral genotyping analysis revealed that 47.8% of patients had low-risk HPVs, whereas 13.1% had high-risk HPVs, and in 39.1% of patients the viral genotype was not obtained. HPV-6 was the most prevalent type and Juvenile-RRP was more prevalent in our population. HPV was present at a high rate, and HPV-6 was the predominant genotype. This study serves as the basis for further studies to be conducted in the Brazilian population. Our findings aid the better understanding of RRP, possibly suggesting some prognostic factors associated with the disease aggressiveness

Avaliação microbiológica das bancas do mercado central em São Luís-MA / Microbiological evaluation of central market banks in São Luís-MA

A feira é um espaço que se firma um importante fator econômico e meio de sobrevivência para as populações de diferentes localidades. Diversos estudos realizados comprovam e demonstram condições precárias de higiene nesses espaços e, somado a isso, o mínimo conhecimento dos feirantes sobre as boas práticas de manipulação e comercialização. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a avaliação microbiológica das bancas do mercado central da cidade em São Luís - Maranhão. Os experimentos foram realizados no Laboratório Microbiologia de Alimentos do curso de Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, no qual os procedimentos foram: a utilização da técnica de isolamento pelo método de esgotamento, o cultivo em placas de ágar seletivos (MacConkey, Sabouraud e Batata) e não seletivos (Nutriente) para o crescimento de colônias de bactérias, fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Verificou-se que todas as bancas analisadas obtiveram crescimento de microrganismos, no qual atestam a contaminação das mesmas. A banca onde se comercializava remédios naturais, obteve resultado negativo para o ágar MacConkey (bactérias Gram-negativas) e positivos para os demais. As outras bancas analisadas, frutas e legumes, pescados, condimentos e açougue, obtiveram crescimento de colônias de bactérias, fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Portanto, é importante frisar que as feiras, embora seja uma fonte de trabalho para muitos, se mostram inadequadas por servirem de veículo para microrganismos deteriorantes e patogênicos, mostrando uma higienização deficiente para a comercialização dos produtos. Os resultados obtidos apontam para necessidade de um trabalho, por parte dos órgãos competentes, no sentido de esclarecer e treinar os feirantes para que se obtenha mais higiene e qualidade nos produtos a serem vendidos

Trampas cebadas con semioquimicos y detectores electrónicos para monitorear los vectores de la enfermedad de chagas

Los Programas de Control de la Enfermedad de Chagas tienen como principal misión controlar las poblaciones de triatominos domésticos y peri domésticos, mediante insecticidas de acción residual, sin embargo no se contempla el control de la potencial reinfestación proveniente de las áreas externas silvestres o por efecto de la deforestación de los bosques. Por lo tanto, este nuevo desafío es un tema prioritario para las zonas endémicas de nuestro continente.CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio