Effect of rules changes on water polo shooting performance according to the final classification: high, medium, and worst level

Introduction: The aim of this study compare the influence of rules changes on shots performance considering three different levels, in the final classification, between two male European championships with different rules. Material and Methods: All shots made by the first, second, sixth, seventh, eleventh and twelfth classified in 27th European Championship in 2006 (Belgrade, Serbia) and all shots made by the first, second, eighth, ninth, fifteenth and sixteenth classified in 34th European Championship in 2020 (Budapest, Hungary) were analysed. Results: The total sample was composed of 3,467 shots (1,813 in Belgrade Championship and 1,654 in Budapest). The study was developed with an observational design. Three observers with more than 300h of experience in observational studies of water polo consensually quantified all the actions. Discussion: The effectiveness of the shots, considering only those that have taken place in equality and counterattack, shows greater scoring efficiency by the HL teams against the WL; and specifically among the shots made with a balanced period score (+-1) (F = 3.637; p = .032; S.E. = .107) and unbalanced (+-2) (F = 3.835; p = .027; S.E. = .106) stand out. In inequality situations its noted the existence of lower efficiency for WL teams when shot from the center stands out against the HL. Conclusions: It is concluded that the regulatory changes have reduced the importance, in the performance of the teams, of effectiveness in situations of inequality, giving rise to a more dynamic game, balanced according to the skill of the players and not their body size, but above all less stati

Origen, evolución e influencia de las reglas de waterpolo sobre la dinámica del juego

The aim of this study was to describe the origin and evolution of the different regulations in water polo that have existed throughout its almost one hundred and fifty years of history and their possible influence on the game dynamics. A content analysis of the texts published on paper by the Fédération Internationale de Natation was carried out, focusing on semantics, based on some key categories of this sport. The main conclusion is that many regulatory changes have been made over the years. However, there is no scientific evidence of their effects on the game dynamicsEl objetivo de este estudio fue describir el origen y evolución de sus diferentes reglamentos a lo largo de sus casi ciento cincuenta años de historia y su influencia en la dinámica del juego. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de contenido de los textos publicados en papel por la Federación Internacional de Natación Amateur, centrándose en la semántica, a partir de algunas categorías clave de este deporte. Se concluye que han existido numerosos cambios normativos a lo largo de los años. Sin embargo, sigue sin existir evidencia científica de sus efectos en la dinámica del juegoS

Shooting performance in high level women's water polo according to the final ranking

Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the situational framework (numerical equality, counterattack and numerical inequality) associated with shooting performance in women’s Water polo considering three different levels in the final ranking (high -1st-4th-, medium -5th-8th- and worst -9th-12th-). Material and Methods: All shots (2698) made in 34th European Championship in 2020 were analyzed in the present study. The study was developed with an observational design. The reliability between three observers was verified using the Kappa concordance index. The shots were registered using Polo Direct Analysis v1.0 software. Results: There are differences between the high level teams (ranked at 1st-4th) and the rest of the teams, appreciating a greater scoring efficiency in equality lob shots (.5; 1.0; 1.2) and reverse shot [.7; .5; .2]) inequality short post (3.0; 1.8; 1.7) and counterattack in the situations shots from left side (1.6; .7; .5), shots from center with feint (2.9; 1.5; .7), drive (2.0; .8; .7) and rebound shot (.9; .7; .3). Discussion: The existence of differences between the top-ranked teams, those in the intermediate zones and the lowest-ranked teams are found. There is a greater scoring efficiency in the top-ranked teams. Conclusions: It is concluded that in order to achieve a higher performance in women's water polo, athletes must have the ability to withstand great efforts and perform fast swims to convert counterattack situations. Likewise, and in static situations, it is necessary to have fast ball circulation, lining up players with a great versatility of shooting in the different game situations, which therefore allows them to have more resources and take advantage of the opportunities generated by the opponentS

Thermal isostasy on Mars

Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEpu

On the Use of Parametric Wind Models for Wind Wave Modeling under Tropical Cyclones

Wave and wind forces from tropical cyclones are one of the main design parameters of coastal and offshore infrastructure in tropical areas. The estimation of ocean waves parameters in the design of structures in tropical areas is difficult due to the complexity of wind fields associated with tropical cyclones. The use of numerical wave models, forced with parametric wind fields, is a common practice within the climatic characterization of extreme events. However, there is currently no consensus on the selection of parametric models for wave prediction due to the lack of a rigorous assessment of different models. In this study, six well-known parametric wind models were tested, compared, and applied in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Therefore, the evaluation and comparison of the resulting wind and wave fields are presented, showing that a particular model may best represent a specific event, but, when dealing with a large number of events, the choice of a particular parametric wind model or a combination of them does not guarantee greater accurac

Unifying Different Cancer Theories in a Unique TumourModel: Chronic Inflammation and Deaminases as Meeting Points

The increase in cancer incidences shows that there is a need to better understand tumour heterogeneity to achieve efficient treatments. Interestingly, there are several common features among almost all types of cancers, with chronic inflammation induction and deaminase dysfunctions singled out. Deaminases are a family of enzymes with nucleotide-editing capacity, which are classified into two main groups: DNA-based and RNA-based. Remarkably, a close relationship between inflammation and the dysregulation of these molecules has been widely documented, which may explain the characteristic intratumor heterogeneity, both at DNA and transcriptional levels. Indeed, heterogeneity in cancer makes it difficult to establish a unique tumour progression model. Currently, there are three main cancer models—stochastic, hierarchic, and dynamic—although there is no consensus on which one better resembles cancer biology because they are usually overly simplified. Here, to accurately explain tumour progression, we propose interactions among chronic inflammation, deaminases dysregulation, intratumor genetic heterogeneity, cancer phenotypic plasticity, and even the previously proposed appearance of cancer stem-like cell populations in the edges of advanced solid tumour masses (instead of being the cells of origin of primary malignancies). The new tumour development model proposed in this study does not contradict previously accepted models and it may open up a window to interesting therapeutic approaches.FPU grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture and SportUniversity of Jaen, Accion I apoyo a la investigacion BIO-349Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat)Junta de Andalucia European Commission SOMM17/6109/UGRConsejeria de Salud y Familias de la Junta de Andalucia (FEDER funds) PEMP-0205-2020Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FEDER funds) PIE16/00045Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities RTI2018-101309-B-C22Chair "Doctors Galera-Requena in cancer stem cell research" CMC-CTS96

Throwing velocity in water polo elite competition: Analysis of associated variables

Throwing velocity is a relevant variable in water polo performance. Few studies have investigated the throw’s speed during an official competition or real game situation in high level competition. All throws performed in 27th European Championship in 2006 (Belgrade, Serbia) and 12th World Championships in 2007 (Melbourne, Australia) were analyzed in the present study. The total sample was composed of 5,691 throws (2,474 in female category). The study was developed with an observational design. A digital video camera, a radar and Polo Análisis Directo v1.0 software were used to record data. The reliability between the observers was verified using the kappa agreement index, ensuring that in all cases this value was greater than .85. The average maximum speed of throws in female water polo was 13.88 m/s (±2.44 m/s) and 16.94 m/s (±3.38 m/s) in male. The variables distance and game situation showed a combined ability to predict 19% of speed differences in female water polo throws and 33% in male

Self-efficacy perception in elite water polo goalkeepers

The sports in which there is the figure of goalkeeper, becomes relevant in order to obtain high performance, the perception of success that this participant is formed and that is configured as an expectation. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the association between perception of self-efficacy of two elite water polo goalkeepers and their coach and the observable performance in an international tournament. In order to measure the perception of behavioural success and their coach, it was used the Scale of achievement self-efficacy for water polo goalkeepers (Argudo, De la Vega, Tejero, & Ruiz, 2013). To measure the performance, were analysed all throwing’s received by the two goalkeepers in the XV Water polo World Championship. The results indicate that there are differences between the perception of the player, the coach and the observed behaviour, appreciating that the goalkeeper’s perception of success is superior to what actually happens. While in the female case, player and coach perception is less than the observed behaviour

Effect of training in SSG on the ability to repeat sprints in young football players

Introduction: Football is one of the most popular team sports worldwide. During a match, players perform varying acyclic activities at differing intensities in order to face the complex and dynamic competition requirements. For this reason, the aim of this study was demonstrate that training in small sided is an effective method for developing the ability to repeat sprints in young football players. Material and Method: Fifty-four male soccer players (U13, U15 and U17, n=18 in which group) at the youth level participated in this study. A program based on Small Sided Games (3vs3) during 6 weeks in a space of 30x25m was applied. A contrast of means, pre and post intervention, was carried out between control and the experimental group and segregating the sample by age group. Results: When analyzing the degree of relationship between RSA fatigue index and jump loss, no significant differences were found. We also studied the relationship between the jump power (CMJ) and the power of the best sprint performed at RSA. Discusion: These results are consistent with those obtained in previous studies (Clemente et al., 2014; Dellal et al., 2012; Owen et al., 2012) on elite players. Conclusion: It can be concluded that this program improves the capacity of recovery before high intensity efforts and allows, at the same time, to work on technical and tactical elements and to develop the physical profile of the players. This type of games provokes improvements in the vertical jump, generate more power in the (CMJ) and the capacity to repeat explosive efforts

Toward sustainable and Cost-Effective CO2 conversion processes to Propylene Carbonate based on ionic liquids

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) for CO2 capture and utilization into a valuable product is attracting interest even though literature evaluating their sustainability is scarce. A liquid–liquid extraction (LLE)-based separation is recently proposed as an alternative to the high energy-consuming distillation-based reference approach to produce propylene carbonate (PC). In this work, the environmental impacts associated to the distillation-based reference and two proposed LLE-based approaches to produce PC are evaluated by means of process modeling and life cycle impact assessment tools. Simulations prove that tuning operating variables in terms of environmental benefits also improves the cost-effectiveness of the process. In addition, sustainability of the processes is nearly not altered by the IL selection when an effective recovery is designed. The emissions associated to the proposed approaches vary between 0.12 and 0.22 kg CO2 equiv. per kgPC, while the operational costs range from 3 to 8 $ per tPC. The water-mediated LLE-based approach imposes the best environmental, capital expenditures, and operating expenses performanceThe authors are very grateful to Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (project PID2020-118259RB-I00) and Comunidad de Madrid (P2018/EMT4348) for financial support. The authors also thank Centro de Computación Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid for computational facilities. E.H. thanks Spanish Ministerio de Universidades for awarding an FPU grant (FPU20/03198