Arte, antropología y museos: orientaciones poscoloniales en los Estados Unidos

Over the past half-century, changes in political, cultural, demographic, and academic realities in the United States have contributed to a significant reorientation in the museological representation of difference. This essay weaves in and out of these different contexts in order to explore some of the ways in which anthropology and art history have been nudged in new directions, with important consequences for museums and their publics. Beginning with shifts in the ethics of field ethnography, it traces changes in the nature of ethnographic writing, the growth of art historical interest in materials that were once the sole domain of anthropology, the involvement of native voices in both disciplines, and the trend toward collaborative anthropology and co-curated museum exhibitions.A lo largo del último medio siglo, los cambios en la realidad política, cultural, demográfica y académica de los Estados Unidos han contribuido a una significativa reorientación en la representación museológica de la diferencia. Este texto se teje dentro y fuera de esos diferentes contextos con el fin de explorar algunos de los modos en que la antropología y la historia del arte han sido empujadas en nuevas direcciones, con importantes consecuencias para los museos y sus públicos. A partir de los cambios en la ética del trabajo de campo etnográfico, traza los cambios en la naturaleza de la escritura etnográfica, el uso creciente por parte de la historia del arte de materiales que alguna vez fueron del dominio exclusivo de la antropología, la participación de voces nativas en ambas disciplinas, y la tendencia hacia una antropología colaborativa y el co-comisariado en exposiciones museísticas

Cultures en dialogue : options pour les musées du xxie siècle

Parlant de l’appropriation d’objets européens en Océanie, Nicholas Thomas remarque : « To say that black bottles were given does not tell us what was received. » Lorsque des objets sont déplacés d’une culture à une autre (en cadeau, butin de guerre, collecte scientifique ou dans d’autres conditions de transfert), leurs significations sont presque toujours laissées derrière, ouvrant la voie à de nouvelles significations. La présence d’objets non occidentaux dans des cabinets royaux et dans des musées maritimes (exposés à côté de modèles de vaisseaux à voile) nous rappelle à quel point ces acquisitions faisaient partie du programme colonialiste. Mais que faire une fois que le monde se qualifie de « postcolonial » et que les ambitions impérialistes sont reléguées à une leçon d’Histoire ? Essayer de reconstruire leurs significations originelles ? Accepter que les Occidentaux ne les voient pas avec les mêmes yeux que leurs auteurs et les présenter comme œuvres d’art ? Privilégier les perspectives des descendants des auteurs, tout en sachant que les significations ont pu se transformer même dans leur culture d’origine ? Plusieurs réponses possibles à ces questions permettront de situer celle du musée du quai Branly dans le paysage des musées du xxiesiècle

Continuous Subcutaneous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) to predict progression from abnormal glucose tolerance (Pre-diabetes) to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The global incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is increasing rapidly. Many people with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) will however not progress to T2DM but appear to spontaneous revert to normal glucose homeostasis, others however will progress slowly and in some cases rapidly progress towards diabetes. Therapeutic interventions will reduce the risk, or at least the pace, of deterioration from IFG and IGT to T2DM. However, in order to target interventions appropriately, to prevent progression in those at greatest risk further information as to which individuals are most likely to progress is needed. There is a variable rate of progression from either IFG, IGT or combined IFG and IGT to T2DM and in general, progression rates are lowest in the general population and highest in target “at-risk” group. Age, body mass index (BMI), fasting and 2 hour plasma glucose concentrations, elevated fasting pro-insulin, low 2-hour insulin and fasting triglyceride levels are known to be associated with a greater risk of progression and in order to maintain normoglycemia, adequate quantitative and qualitative moment-by-moment pancreatic beta-cell secretion and action is essential. A marker of deteriorating carbohydrate homeostasis would be increased fluctuations in blood glucose levels and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is an ideal method to look at just this. The use of CGM to quantify the fluctuations was proposed to assess whether CGM can help identify people with abnormal glucose tolerance that progress to T2DM. In this study, CGM profiles inspected by eye for variability appeared to correlate well with mathematically devised CGM parameters based on CGM data, both at baseline and at Year 1. However, neither the subject CGM profiles nor the CGM parameters at baseline were significant in predicting progression to diabetes (T2DM) at Year 1 or Year 3 from a pre diabetic state at baseline. However, when one looked at progression from pre diabetes to diabetes, with regard to CGM profiles and CGM parameters, the interval period between study baseline and Year 1 appeared to be when most variation in glucose levels occurred; this was especially the case for those subjects with IFG, compared to subjects with IGT or IFG+IGT mix, respectively. This effect was diluted at Year 3 and not observed. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that CGM did not predict progression from pre diabetes to diabetes (T2DM), but did however, correlate well by eye with mathematical assessments models of the same CGM data and identify an at risk IFG group that could be targeted at baseline with more intensive therapy

The long and winding road to reflexology: A post-structural narrative inquiry

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Wolverhampton for the degree of Doctorate in Health and Wellbeing.Background: Reflexology has suffered a troubled and tumultuous journey travelling a long and winding road, experiencing times of interest and intrigue alongside suspicion and doubt. This study explores the topic through a post-structural lens to discover new possibilities for the discipline. Methodology: The research design used a narrative inquiry and emerged a Derridean theoretical approach encompassing some of the key concepts of Jacques Derrida’s writings (Derrida, 2016, 1993, 1982, 1978). It concerns poetical notions of text, context and intertextuality as a backdrop to re-explore traditional stories told by five prominent reflexologists accompanied by an autobiographical story. Using narrative inquiry, it explored how narratives allow reflexologists to perform and make heard the whispered voices in order to let reflexology stories (the reflexstories) breathe (Frank, 2012). Findings: This study firstly, at a textual level, uncovered the literature surrounding reflexology (the reflexliterature) proffering an evolution of the therapy and secondly, for context, embraced the methodology of narrative inquiry, eliciting synchronic narratives. Beatles song titles have been used as headings, bringing into focus my own intertextuality to capture the spirit of Derridean thought which emerged during the era reflexology was presenting as a popular practice. The study contributes to furthering the body of knowledge of reflexology by providing personal narratives and poems for pedagogic application and explores emerging cultural and dialogical accounts of the modality in order to find possibilities for practice rather than affording truth claims on its efficacy and effectiveness. Moreover, it offers a theoretical model for the application of a schema of critical questioning so as to expose the metaphysical assumptions of the subject in question which revealed reflexology as a spectre in healthcare. Recommendations: A standardised data collection tool could be developed to replace the use of many varied questionnaires within the research on reflexology and the numerous reflexology associations could try again, to converge and adopt one collective organisation. Reflexology could be utilised in other areas of healthcare identified in the literature rather than only the current provision. Finally, the theoretical model could be exploited for other subjects in order to interrogate the hierarchies, dichotomies and binary oppositions which are present within the topic of inquiry

Continuous Subcutaneous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) to predict progression from abnormal glucose tolerance (Pre-diabetes) to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The global incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is increasing rapidly. Many people with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) will however not progress to T2DM but appear to spontaneous revert to normal glucose homeostasis, others however will progress slowly and in some cases rapidly progress towards diabetes. Therapeutic interventions will reduce the risk, or at least the pace, of deterioration from IFG and IGT to T2DM. However, in order to target interventions appropriately, to prevent progression in those at greatest risk further information as to which individuals are most likely to progress is needed. There is a variable rate of progression from either IFG, IGT or combined IFG and IGT to T2DM and in general, progression rates are lowest in the general population and highest in target “at-risk” group. Age, body mass index (BMI), fasting and 2 hour plasma glucose concentrations, elevated fasting pro-insulin, low 2-hour insulin and fasting triglyceride levels are known to be associated with a greater risk of progression and in order to maintain normoglycemia, adequate quantitative and qualitative moment-by-moment pancreatic beta-cell secretion and action is essential. A marker of deteriorating carbohydrate homeostasis would be increased fluctuations in blood glucose levels and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is an ideal method to look at just this. The use of CGM to quantify the fluctuations was proposed to assess whether CGM can help identify people with abnormal glucose tolerance that progress to T2DM. In this study, CGM profiles inspected by eye for variability appeared to correlate well with mathematically devised CGM parameters based on CGM data, both at baseline and at Year 1. However, neither the subject CGM profiles nor the CGM parameters at baseline were significant in predicting progression to diabetes (T2DM) at Year 1 or Year 3 from a pre diabetic state at baseline. However, when one looked at progression from pre diabetes to diabetes, with regard to CGM profiles and CGM parameters, the interval period between study baseline and Year 1 appeared to be when most variation in glucose levels occurred; this was especially the case for those subjects with IFG, compared to subjects with IGT or IFG+IGT mix, respectively. This effect was diluted at Year 3 and not observed. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that CGM did not predict progression from pre diabetes to diabetes (T2DM), but did however, correlate well by eye with mathematical assessments models of the same CGM data and identify an at risk IFG group that could be targeted at baseline with more intensive therapy

Age and features of movement influence motor overflow.

OBJECTIVES:To measure the magnitude and prevalence of motor overflow to the arm at rest during attempted unilateral arm movements. DESIGN:Cross-sectional assessment. SETTING:Motor physiology laboratory. PARTICIPANTS:Healthy young (n=20) and elderly (n=20) adult subjects. MEASUREMENTS:Surface electromyography (EMG) was obtained from bilateral forearm muscles during performance of 12 different unilateral finger-tapping tasks. RESULTS:For all subjects, faster movement rate (F=2.56-3.30, P<.05), cognitive distraction (F=4.09, P<.05), and fatigue (F=15.15, P<.001) were each associated with a significant increase in the magnitude of EMG in the arm intended to be at rest. In elderly subjects, tapping at maximum rate and fatigue were each associated with a further increase in motor overflow across the midline. In addition, better left hand dexterity correlated with greater motor overflow to the right hand during rapid left hand tapping (r=0.63, P<.005). Prevalence of motor overflow was also higher in older subjects for some tasks, for example during 1 Hz tapping by the right index finger (motor overflow present in 45%, vs 15% young subjects, P<.05). CONCLUSION:Several behavioral variables increase motor overflow across the midline in young and elderly adults. Motor overflow was even greater in elderly subjects with the most demanding tasks and was greater in those with better motor status, suggesting that this form of motor system change is a compensatory event of normal aging rather than age-related dysfunction. The results support the hypotheses that healthy aging is associated with an increase in the degree to which brain function is bilaterally organized