Modern and Ethnic Retailing Formats at the Mirror: Shoppers’ Domination, Acculturation, Distinction, and Patronizing

Over an impressively short period of time, the established demarcation between local and foreign markets has mostly evanished in favor of national markets that internally reproduce the multiplication of ethnicities of their dwellers. From a retailing perspective, this has been stretching the boundaries of retailing formats, which now integrate traditional, modern, and ethnic shopping settings. By holding a post-colonial perspective, extant research in retailing has mainly addressed the acculturation of immigrant shoppers to modern retailers. Our ethnographic inquiry, which was conducted on both local and immigrant shoppers in traditional, modern, and ethnic shops in Italy, accounts for a much more blurred and entangled scenario. On the one hand, we observe that local consumers are also getting acquainted to ethnic retailers, thus showing reverse consumer acculturation and crossover consumption. On the other hand, shopping practices of both autochthonous and foreign shoppers include: i) domination, ii) acculturation, iii) distinction, and iv) patronizing. In particular, we contend that patronizing goes much beyond the traditional notion of store loyalty, since it implies shoppers’ attribution of ideological, identity, and political meanings to retailers being patronized. Further, patronizing has more to do with the category of retailing format than with a specific retailing brand. Overall, our work sheds new light on the ethnification of retailing settings and to the political intricacy between retailers and shoppers

Chemical composition of commercial corn silage produced in Brazil

The objective was to perform the exploratory analysis of the chemical composition results and the use of models to estimate the total digestible nutrients of the corn silage samples generated from 12 years of commercial analyzes of the Animal Nutrition Laboratory of the Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), in Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil. As a criterion, samples of corn silage had no additives, 220 samples in the periods from 2004 to 2015 were grouped in four triennia. These were characterized by their chemical composition through descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson correlations and the use of TDN estimation models, using four models of equations: one from Clemson University, one according Harlan and two according Kearl (1 and 2). The nutritional value of corn silage samples was of medium quality, with NDF values (49.2 to 57.2% of MS) above the ideal. All the equations could be used to estimate the NDT (variation of 54.3 to 67.0% in the triennia), Kearl 1 and Clemson showed the highest and the lowest variation between the triennia, respectively. The increase in nutrient value and TDN in triennial 3 and 4 indicates improvement in silage quality.Objetivou-se realizar a análise exploratória dos resultados bromatológicos e uso de modelos para estimativa de nutrientes digestíveis totais de amostras de silagens de milho, por meio dos dados gerados a partir de 12 anos de análises comerciais do Laboratório de Nutrição Animal do Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), em Nova Odessa, SP, Brasil. Como critério, utilizaram-se dados de amostras de silagens de milho sem nenhum tipo de aditivos, somando 220 amostras nos períodos de 2004 a 2015 e agrupados em quatro triênios. Estes foram caracterizados quanto à sua composição bromatológica através de análise estatística descritiva, correlações de Pearson e pela utilização de modelos de estimativas de NDT, utilizando-se quatro modelos de equações: uma da Universidade de Clemson, uma segundo Harlan e duas segundo Kearl (1 e 2). O valor nutricional das amostras de silagens de milho mostrou-se de qualidade mediana, com valores de FDN (49,2 a 57,2% da MS) acima do ideal de 37 a 45% da MS. Todas as equações puderam ser utilizadas na estimativa do NDT (variação de 54,3 a 67,0% nos triênios) sendo que a de Kearl 1 e Clemson apresentaram a maior e a menor variação entre os triênios, respectivamente. O aumento do valor nutritivo e de NDT nos triênios 3 e 4 indica melhoria na qualidade da silagem

Composição bromatológica de silagens de milho comerciais produzidas no Brasil

The objective of this work was to perform the exploratory analysis of the chemical composition results and the use of models to estimate the total digestible nutrients of the corn silage samples generated from 11 years of commercial analyzes of the data bank of the Animal Nutrition Laboratory of the Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), in Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil. As a criterion, samples of corn silage has no additives, 220 samples in the periods from 2004 to 2015 were grouped in four triennia. These were characterized by their chemical composition through descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson correlations and the use of NDT estimation models calculated through four models of equations: one from Clemson University, one according Harlan and two according Kearl (1 and 2). The nutritional value of corn silage samples was of medium quality, with NDF values (49.2 to 57.2% of MS) above the ideal. All the equations could be used to estimate the NDT (variation of 54.3 to 67.0 in the triennia), Kearl 1 and Clemson showed the highest and the lowest variation between the triennia, respectively. The increase in nutrient value and NDT in triennial 3 and 4 indicates improvement in silage qualityObjetivou-se fazer a análise exploratória dos resultados bromatológicos e uso de modelos para estimativa de nutrientes digestíveis totais das amostras de silagem de milho gerados a partir de 12 anos de análises comerciais do banco de dados do Laboratório de Nutrição Animal do Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), em Nova Odessa, SP, Brasil. Como critério, utilizou-se dados de amostras de silagens de milho sem nenhum tipo de aditivos presentes no banco de dados do laboratório, somando 220 amostras nos períodos de 2004 a 2015 e agrupados em quatro triênios. Estes foram caracterizados quanto à sua composição bromatológica através da análise estatística descritiva, correlações de Pearson e pela utilização de modelos de estimativas de NDT calculado através de quatro modelos de equações: uma da Universidade de Clemson, uma segundo Harlan e duas segundo Kearl (1 e 2). O valor nutricional das amostras de silagens de milho mostrou-se de qualidade mediana, com valores de FDN (49,2 a 57,2% da MS) acima do ideal. Todas as equações puderam ser utilizadas na estimativa do NDT (variação de 54,3 a 67,0 nos triênios) sendo que a de Kearl 1 e Clemson apresentaram a maior e a menor variação entre os triênios, respectivamente. O aumento do valor nutritivo e de NDT nos triênios 3 e 4 indica melhoria na qualidade da silagem

Structural and productive characteristics of Marandu and Xaraés grasses fertilized at different times after harvesting

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of applying N and K2O at different times after harvest on the structure and production characteristics of Marandu and Xaraés cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha. Two greenhouse 4 × 2 factorial experiments using a randomized block design with eight treatments and four replicates were carried out. In experiment 1, the plants in pots were fertilized weekly with 50 mg/dm³ of N and K2O until a week before a uniformity cut, for a total of four applications. After cutting, plants were fertilized with 50 mg/dm³ of N and K2O at 0, 3, 6, and 9 days. Cultivars were evaluated after 44 days of regrowth. In experiment 2, a single 50 mg/dm³ dose of N and K2O was applied a week before the uniformity cut, and 100 mg/dm³ of N and K2O were applied at 0, 4, 8, and 12 days after cutting; cultivars were evaluated after 39 days of regrowth. In experiment 1, the leaf/stem ratio and dry matter yield were influenced by the time at which fertilizers were applied. In the second experiment, the total number of leaves, expanded leaves, dead leaves, and the leaf lamina accumulated length and dry matter production were influenced by the time at which fertilizers were applied. Marandugrass had more leaves and tillers than cv. Xaraés, which, in turn, had greater height, dry matter yield and regrowth vigor. Applying nitrogen and potassium fertilizer immediately after cutting improves the structural characteristics, while the dry matter yield is maximized by applying fertilizers immediately after cutting by using lower doses of N, or at 4.5 days after cutting by using higher doses of N

Crescimento de folhas do capim-bermuda tifton 85 submetido à adubação nitrogenada após o corte Leaf growth of tifton 85 bermudagrass submitted to nitrogen fertilization after cutting

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de doses e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio após o corte no fator de correção de área foliar, na taxa de alongamento de folhas e no comprimento e área da lâmina foliar do capim-bermuda tifton 85 (Cynodon spp) foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetação. Ambos os experimentos foram estabelecidos em vasos com capacidade para 7 kg de terra, com solo classificado como Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico típico, em esquema fatorial 4 × 2, para avaliação de quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 80, 160 e 240 mg kg-1 de solo) e duas épocas de aplicação (imediatamente após o corte e sete dias após o corte das plantas). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Com o fornecimento de nitrogênio, observou-se diminuição no fator de correção de área foliar. O nitrogênio proporciona variação positiva no comprimento foliar, na área da lâmina foliar e na taxa de alongamento da folha, variações que ocorreram em maior grandeza entre a não-aplicação de nitrogênio e a dose de 80 mg kg-1 de solo.<br>With the objective of evaluating the influence of nitrogen rates and application time after cutting on correction factor for leaf area, on leaf elongation rate and on blade leaf length and area of tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon spp), two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse. Both experiments were established in pots with capacity for 7 kg of soil classified as Entisol, in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme, for evaluation of four nitrogen rates (0, 80, 160 and 240 mg kg-1 of soil) and two application times (immediately after cutting and seven days after cutting of the plants). It was used a complete randomized block design, with four replications. As nitrogen was supplied, it was observed a decrease in the correction factor for leaf area. There is a predominance of positive effects of nitrogen on leaf length, on leaf blade area and on leaf elongation rate. Great nitrogen effect was observed when comparying no-nitrogen application with the rate of 80 mg kg-1 of soil