80 research outputs found
Des relatives de Toussaint. Une syntaxe du regard
On sâintĂ©resse ici au cas des relatives « dĂ©crochĂ©es » (« un chat surgit Ă pas feutrĂ©s, qui portait un curieux bicorne »), souvent Ă©voquĂ©, souvent succinctement, dans les grammaires du français, et dont un roman de Jean-Philippe Toussaint (La rĂ©ticence, 1992) fournit une profusion dâexemples. On sâinterroge, Ă propos de ce corpus, sur le statut de ces relatives et sur leur lien avec les relatives « dĂ©ictiques » (« il y a lâeau qui bout », « voilĂ Jules qui rentre ») et les verbes de perception (« jâentends minuit qui sonne », « je lâai vu qui sortait »).This paper deals with a type of âdetachedâ relative clause in French (as in « un homme monta dans le bus, qui portait un grand chapeau » : âA man got onto the bus, who wore a broad hatâ), which is often mentioned in French grammars. In La rĂ©ticence (1991), a novel in French by the Belgian author Jean-Philippe Toussaint, over a hundred such relative clauses are found. An analysis of the variety of such clauses in the narration shows their relation with a deictic use of relatives (« je vois quelquâun qui sort ») and perception verbs
âKot w oknieâ: wyraĆŒanie relacji przestrzennych w jÄzykach polskim (L1) i francuskim (L2 i L1)
The paper presents a study on the expression of spatial reference in Polish and French from the perspective of acquisition of French by Polish language speakers. Our study deals with the problem of spatial reference: projective reference on sagittal axis (devant/derriĂšre, przed/za), which refers not only to the acquisition of specific lexical items but, what is equally important from the cognitive point of view, to the appropriation of semantic distinctions related to the perception and representation of space.The empirical approach adopted in the study, in a semi-experimental manner, consisted in collecting utterances, in Polish (L1) and French (L2 and L1), of 20 young adults, concerning a series of pictures presenting various static spatial configurations. The corpus was then complemented, for comparison purposes, by French and Polish native speakersâ output in reaction to the same pictures.The aim of the analysis is to propel and add new elements to the existing descriptions of the Polish language, to approach from a different perspective the descriptions previously provided for French, and make a contribution to Polish-French comparative studies.Cet article, qui sâinscrit dans le cadre des recherches interlinguistiques, porte sur un doÂmaine prĂ©cis de la rĂ©fĂ©rence spatiale : la rĂ©fĂ©rence projective sur lâaxe sagittal (âdevantâ/âderriĂšreâ, âprzedâ/âzaâ), qui appelle non seulement lâacquisition dâun lexique spĂ©cifique mais Ă©galement, du point de vue cognitif, lâappropriation de distinctions sĂ©mantiques liĂ©es Ă la perception et aux reprĂ©Âsentations de lâespace.La dĂ©marche empirique adoptĂ©e, de forme semi-expĂ©rimentale, a consistĂ© Ă recueillir les verbalisations, en polonais (L1) et en français (L2 et L1), de 20 jeunes adultes, Ă partir dâune sĂ©rie dâimages regroupant diverses configurations spatiales statiques. Ce corpus est complĂ©tĂ© pour comÂparaison par les productions, sur les mĂȘmes images, de francophones et de polonophones natifs.Lâanalyse des rĂ©sultats vise Ă alimenter et Ă dĂ©velopper, pour le domaine concernĂ©, les descripÂtions existantes du polonais, Ă questionner les descriptions antĂ©rieures proposĂ©es pour le français et Ă affiner les comparaisons polonais â français existantesPrzedmiotem artykuĆu jest sposĂłb wyraĆŒania relacji przestrzennych w jÄzykach polskim i francuskim w procesie akwizycji jÄzyka francuskiego przez polonofonĂłw. Badanie odnosi siÄ do konkretnego wycinka owych relacji: wyraĆŒania umiejscowienia obiektu w osi strzaĆkowej (devant/ derriĂšre, przed/za), ktĂłre wymaga od uczÄ
cych siÄ jÄzyka nie tylko opanowania okreĆlonego sĆowÂnictwa, ale rĂłwnieĆŒ â z kognitywnego punktu widzenia â przyswojenia opozycji semantycznych zwiÄ
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przestrzeni.Badanie polegaĆo na przedstawieniu w jÄzyku polskim (L1) i francuskim (L2 i L1) serii obrazÂkĂłw ukazujÄ
cych rĂłĆŒne statyczne konfiguracje przestrzenne. Uczestnikami badania byli studenci filologii romaĆskiej (20 osĂłb), dwoje dorosĆych polonofonĂłw i dwoje dorosĆych frankofonĂłw.Zebrany materiaĆ stanowi skromny wkĆad do opisu akwizycji jÄzyka francuskiego przez poÂlonofonĂłw, do opisu jÄzyka polskiego, a takĆŒe do polsko-francuskich badaĆ kontrastywnych
Des langues en littérature : aperçu et apport d'un florilÚge hétéroglossique
Les rapports entre langues et littĂ©rature se situent Ă plusieurs niveaux. Dans la traduction d'abord et dans l'existence d'Ă©crivains translangues, mais aussi dans les contenus des textes littĂ©raires. Un certain nombre d'auteurs de langues diverses prĂ©sentent des rĂ©flexions, des Ă©pisodes ou des rĂ©cits ayant pour thĂšme les langues Ă©trangĂšres, dans des contextes d'enseignement, d'apprentissage ou d'interaction. Une partie de ces textes soulĂšvent deux questions : celle de la reprĂ©sentation Ă©crite des interactions orales exolingues et celle de leur traduction. L'apport de tels textes Ă un enseignement-apprentissage des langues-cultures est finalement envisagĂ©.The relations between languages and literature can be viewed at several levels: in the process of translation, in the existence of many "translanguage" authors, but also in the contents of literary texts including reflections, episodes or narratives about foreign languages within contexts of language teaching or acquisition, or interlingual interaction. About such texts, two questions are raised: how to transcribe oral interactions in a written form? How to translate them in other languages? The contribution of these texts to language and culture teaching and learning is finally considered.Las relaciones entre los idiomas y la literatura se sitĂșan en varios niveles. Primero, en la traducciĂłn y en la existencia de escritores translenguas, pero tambiĂ©n en los contenidos de los textos literarios. Un cierto nĂșmero de autores de lenguas diversas presentan reflexiones, episodios o historias que tienen temas vinculados a un idioma extranjero en contextos de enseñanza, aprendizaje o interacciĂłn. Algunos de estos textos plantean dos cuestiones: la de la representaciĂłn escrita de las interacciones orales exolingĂŒes y la de su traducciĂłn. Finalmente, el autor aborda el anĂĄlisis de la aportaciĂłn de dichos textos a la enseñanza-aprendizaje de lenguas-culturas
PrĂ©sentation. LâactualitĂ© des notions dâInterlangue et dâinteraction exolingue
Ce numĂ©ro se donne pour objectif de rĂ©aliser une mise au point sur les concepts et les notions dâInterlangue et de communication exolingue, dans le cadre de lâappropriation (acquisition et apprentissage) de langues non maternelles, en effectuant une prĂ©sentation de travaux rĂ©cents en rapport avec ce thĂšme et un questionnement des mĂ©thodes de recherche dans ce domaine. Il est le fruit des rĂ©flexions menĂ©es de 1999 Ă 2001 au sein du sĂ©minaire JaCoB (composante de lâĂ©quipe Jan Comenius, FRE/UMR ..
Deux repĂšres de recherche sur lâinteraction exolingue
Cet article propose deux repĂšres concernant la recherche sur la communication exolingue de deux points de vue diffĂ©rents. Le premier est celui de la linguistique de terrain de la premiĂšre moitiĂ© du 20e siĂšcle. Le second touche Ă des dĂ©veloppements de recherche rĂ©cents sur lâinteraction exolingue dans une diversitĂ© de contextes Ă partir de 1980. Lâarticle vise Ă signaler un lien et une filiation entre les recherches de terrain antĂ©rieures et des travaux actuels sur lâinteraction exolingue et bilingue dans divers contextes professionnels et Ă©ducatifs, et dans celui mĂȘme des interactions de recherche.The paper sets out to highlight two landmarks for research on exolingual communication, from two different points of view. The first one refers to field linguistics investigations carried on in the first part of the 20th century, and developed afterwards ; the second refers to more recent developments in field research on exolingual interaction in various contexts since 1980. We point out the relation and continuity between early linguistic field studies principles and practice, and present fields of investigation into exolingual and bilingual interaction in various professional and educational contexts, including those of linguistic field research itself
PrĂ©sentation. LâactualitĂ© des notions dâInterlangue et dâinteraction exolingue
Ce numĂ©ro se donne pour objectif de rĂ©aliser une mise au point sur les concepts et les notions dâInterlangue et de communication exolingue, dans le cadre de lâappropriation (acquisition et apprentissage) de langues non maternelles, en effectuant une prĂ©sentation de travaux rĂ©cents en rapport avec ce thĂšme et un questionnement des mĂ©thodes de recherche dans ce domaine. Il est le fruit des rĂ©flexions menĂ©es de 1999 Ă 2001 au sein du sĂ©minaire JaCoB (composante de lâĂ©quipe Jan Comenius, FRE/UMR ..
Vendredi Plurilingue
Robinson Crusoe, published by Daniel Defoe in 1719, and its translations in many languages are interesting in three ways: the subject matter of the novel; the interactions between Robinson and Friday (one of the first literary instances of dialogues between individuals of different mother tongues); the way the translators deal with Fridayâs interlanguage. According to the respective target languages, the translators, who must represent oral interactions in a written form, meet with a double requirement of intelligibility and plausibility. The translatorâs choice depends on the specificities, morphosyntactic and phonographic, of the languages, along with the representations of such interactions. Based on the dialogues between Friday and Robinson, this article starts with an analysis of the Italian translation before comparing it with the French and Spanish translations.Robinson Crusoe, published by Daniel Defoe in 1719, and its translations in many languages are interesting in three ways: the subject matter of the novel; the interactions between Robinson and Friday (one of the first literary instances of dialogues between individuals of different mother tongues); the way the translators deal with Fridayâs interlanguage. According to the respective target languages, the translators, who must represent oral interactions in a written form, meet with a double requirement of intelligibility and plausibility. The translatorâs choice depends on the specificities, morphosyntactic and phonographic, of the languages, along with the representations of such interactions. Based on the dialogues between Friday and Robinson, this article starts with an analysis of the Italian translation before comparing it with the French and Spanish translations
Retrotransposons as pathogenicity factors of the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea
BACKGROUND Retrotransposons are genetic elements inducing mutations in all domains of life. Despite their detrimental effect, retrotransposons can become temporarily active during epigenetic reprogramming and cellular stress response, which may accelerate host genome evolution. In fungal pathogens, a positive role has been attributed to retrotransposons when shaping genome architecture and expression of genes encoding pathogenicity factors; thus, retrotransposons are known to influence pathogenicity. RESULTS We uncover a hitherto unknown role of fungal retrotransposons as being pathogenicity factors, themselves. The aggressive fungal plant pathogen, Botrytis cinerea, is known to deliver some long-terminal repeat (LTR) deriving regulatory trans-species small RNAs (BcsRNAs) into plant cells to suppress host gene expression for infection. We find that naturally occurring, less aggressive B. cinerea strains possess considerably lower copy numbers of LTR retrotransposons and had lost retrotransposon BcsRNA production. Using a transgenic proof-of-concept approach, we reconstitute retrotransposon expression in a BcsRNA-lacking B. cinerea strain, which results in enhanced aggressiveness in a retrotransposon and BcsRNA expression-dependent manner. Moreover, retrotransposon expression in B. cinerea leads to suppression of plant defence-related genes during infection. CONCLUSIONS We propose that retrotransposons are pathogenicity factors that manipulate host plant gene expression by encoding trans-species BcsRNAs. Taken together, the novelty that retrotransposons are pathogenicity factors will have a broad impact on studies of host-microbe interactions and pathology
The botrydial biosynthetic gene cluster of Botrytis cinerea displays a bipartite genomic structure and is positively regulated by the putative Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor BcBot6
Botrydial (BOT) is a non-host specific phytotoxin produced by the polyphagous phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. The genomic region of the BOT biosynthetic gene cluster was investigated and revealed two additional genes named Bcbot6 and Bcbot7. Analysis revealed that the G + C/A + T-equilibrated regions that contain the Bcbot genes alternate with A + T-rich regions made of relics of transposable elements that have undergone repeat-induced point mutations (RIP). Furthermore, BcBot6, a Zn(II)2Cys6 putative transcription factor was identified as a nuclear protein and the major positive regulator of BOT biosynthesis. In addition, the phenotype of the DBcbot6 mutant indicated that BcBot6 and therefore BOT are dispensable for the development, pathogenicity and response to abiotic stresses in the B. cinerea strain B05.10. Finally, our data revealed that B. pseudocinerea, that is also polyphagous and lives in sympatry with B. cinerea, lacks the ability to produce BOT. Identification of BcBot6 as the major regulator of BOT synthesis is the first step towards a comprehensive understanding of the complete regulation network of BOT synthesis and of its ecological role in the B. cinerea life cycle
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