52 research outputs found
Initial evidence for the criterion-related and structural validity of the long versions of the direct and meta-perspectives of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire
This is the author's accepted manuscript. The final published article is available from the link below. Copyright @ 2010 Taylor & Francis.The aim of the present study was to develop and initially validate a longer version of the direct (Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2004) and meta-perspectives (Jowett, 2009a, 2009b) of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q). In Study 1, instruments (e.g. questionnaires, scales, and inventories) that have been used to assess relationship quality in the broader psychological literature were examined and items potentially relevant to the coach-athlete relationship were identified. The content validity of the identified items was then assessed using expert panels. A final questionnaire was subsequently prepared and administered to 693 participants (310 coaches and 383 athletes). Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to assess the multidimensional nature of the questionnaire based on the 3Cs (i.e. closeness, commitment, and complementarity) model of the coach-athlete relationship. The findings indicated that the direct and meta-perspective items of the long versions of the CART-Q approached an adequate data fit. Moreover, evidence for the internal consistency and criterion validity of the new instruments was also obtained. In Study 2, the newly developed measure was administered to an independent sample of 251 individuals (145 athletes and 106 coaches). Further statistical support was gained for the factorial validity and reliability of the longer version of the CART-Q
Attachment Styles Within the Coach-Athlete Dyad: Preliminary Investigation and Assessment Development
The present preliminary study aimed to develop and examine the psychometric properties of a new sport-specific self-report instrument designed to assess athletesâ and coachesâ attachment styles. The development and initial validation comprised three main phases. In Phase 1, a pool of items was generated based on pre-existing self-report attachment instruments, modified to reflect a coach and an athleteâs style of attachment. In Phase 2, the content validity of the items was assessed by a panel of experts. A final scale was developed and administered to 405 coaches and 298 athletes (N = 703 participants). In Phase 3, confirmatory factor analysis of the obtained data was conducted to determine the final items of the Coach-Athlete Attachment Scale (CAAS). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed acceptable goodness of fit indexes for a 3-first order factor model as well as a 2-first order factor model for both the athlete and the coach data, respectively. A secure attachment style positively predicted relationship satisfaction, while an insecure attachment style was a negative predictor of relationship satisfaction. The CAAS revealed initial psychometric properties of content, factorial, and predictive validity, as well as reliability
âThe Coaching Needs of High Performance Female Athletes within the Coach-Athlete Dyadâ
Within the research literature there is little work that has examined how coaches (and coaching) can positively influence female athletesâ continued participation and development in performance sport. With this in mind, utilising a grounded theory approach, this study focused on what are the coaching preferences of female athletes within the elite coachathlete dyad. Through interviews with 27 current high performance female athletes, four major coaching needs were found. These were: to be supported as person as well a performer, coaching to be a joint endeavour, the need for positive communication and finally, recognition of the salience of gender within the coach-athlete dyad. The findings provide evidence that the relational expertise of coaches is at the forefront of these womenâs coaching needs. This study also demonstrates that for the participants, the coach-athlete relationship is at the heart of improving athletic training and performance, and that gender is an important influence on this relationship. Furthermore, the research highlights the strength of using an interpretive-qualitative paradigmatic approach to athlete preferences through foregrounding the womenâs voices and experiences
The micro-politics of organizational change in professional youth football: Towards an understanding of âthe professional selfâ
Organizational and managerial change plays a significant role in the employment and working lives of coaches in professional football. However, research that explores how individual coaches experience the change process is limited. The aim of this article is to explore the experiences of Ian (pseudonym), a professional football academy youth coach, during the process of organizational change. Data were collected through field notes, informal observations and meetings, formal academy team meetings, co-worker interviews, and four semi-structured in-depth participant interviews. Findings were analysed through a micro-political framework, with a focus on professional self-understanding. They reveal the importance of micro-political literacy in understanding the impact of organizational change on the participantâs working conditions and continued employment. It is proposed that an understanding of micro-politics, professional self-understanding, and micro-political literacy should be developed in formal coach education programmes to better prepare coaches for the realities of employment in professional football
Reflecting back and forwards: The ebb and flow of peer-reviewed reflective practice research in sport
Researchers in sport have claimed that reflective practice is important for competent practice. Evidence supporting this claim is sparse, highly theoretical and located within a variety of domains. The aim of this study was to assimilate and analyse the last 12 years of reflective practice literature within the sport domain in order to identify new areas of inquiry, emerging trends with regard to findings or methodology, and to identify implications for future research and practice. A sample of 68 papers published between 2001 and 2012 was examined, and investigated for the research locations, data collection methods utilised, and the professions and communities involved. The paper concludes with some suggestions for future research
Elite Refereeing in Professional Soccer: A Case Study of Mental Skills Support
Refereeing a high-profile soccer game requires a unique blend of sports-specific knowledge, physical abilities, and mental skills. While mental skills instruction has been seen as an integral element of performance enhancement in elite sport, the application of sport psychology intervention for referees and match officials is far less prominent. This case study briefly describes the levels of stress associated with refereeing elite soccer matches and the impact of stress on officiating performance and subsequent self-confidence of soccer referees. The work then outlines the program of mental skills intervention that was delivered to an elite soccer referee working within the Scottish professional soccer leagues. The program of mental skills embraced five stages: (1) Education; (2) Assessment/ profiling; (3) Mental skill learning; (4) Application of mental skills in context; and (5) Evaluation, and this article centers on the way in which each of these stages was carried out. The case study describes how the mental skills instruction program was associated with improved refereeing performance, and provides some tentative advice for sport psychology practitioners who may wish to provide consultancy services within the domain of sports officiating
Coping with the effects of fear of failure in young elite athletes
Coping with stress is an important element in effective functioning at the elite level in sports, and fear of failure (FF) is an example of a stressor that athletes experience. Three issues underpin the present preliminary study. First, the prevalence of problems attributed to FF in achievement settings. Second, sport is a popular and significant achievement domain for children and adolescents. Third, there is a lack of research on FF in sport among this population. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to examine the effects of FF on young athletes and to find out their coping responses to the effects of FF. Interviews were conducted individually with nine young elite athÂletes (5 males, 4 females; ages 14-17 years). It was inferred from the data that FF affected the athletes' well-being, interpersonal behavior, sport performance, and schoolwork. The athletes employed a combination of problem-focused, emotion-foÂcused, and avoidance-focused coping strategies, with avoidance strategies being the most frequently reported
Soccer and homosexuality: the conflicts that lie within the affective game of the coach-adolescent athlete relationship
Discussions regarding homosexuality within a sports context are mediated by emotional nuances, especially in the world of soccer, where practitioners are required to have attributes such as strength, masculinity and aggressiveness. As a consequence, this work aimed to analyze the symbolic representation of homosexual relationships between
adolescent soccer players and their coaches; and, furthermore, to understand the intention behind homoerotic relationships that are established between members of the management team and its players. In this study, researchers used the life history methodology, with participation from three adolescent athletes, ages 14, 15 and 16, and three former athletes, ages 26, 28 and 45, who we called speakers. Based on the collection and analysis of research participantsâ testimonies, homosexual relations were found to have occurred between athletes and coaches, or between athletes and other members of the management team, as a part of a âsocial contractâ that is exclusively linked to their professional objectives. These relationships appear to be purely objective; authentic affective links are absent, due apparently to the transient nature of the athletes in these groups. Too, this context is usually marked by the athleteâs physical and emotional vulnerability, and the agreements he makes within this context are accompanied with moral dilemmas, because such adolescents idealize the coach as a paternal archetype.âFutebol e homossexualidade: Os conflitos que se encontram dentro do jogo afetivo da relação treinador-atleta
adolescente.â As discussĂ”es a respeito da homossexualidade no contexto esportivo sĂŁo mediadas por nuanças emocionais,
especialmente no mundo do futebol que exige de seus praticantes atributos de força, virilidade e agressividade. Por este
motivo este trabalho teve como objetivos diagnosticar existĂȘncia de relaçÔes homossexuais entre atletas adolescentes da
modalidade de futebol e seus técnicos e sua representação simbólica e ainda, compreender a intencionalidade das relaçÔes
homoafetivas que se estabelecem entre componentes da equipe diretiva e os jogadores. Esta pesquisa Ă© de natureza qualitativa
e a tĂ©cnica adotada foi a âhistĂłria de vidaâ e a participação de trĂȘs atletas adolescentes em atividade, com idade de
14, 15 e 16 anos e trĂȘs ex-atletas profissionais, com idades 26, 28 e 45 anos serviram de base metodolĂłgica. A partir da
anålise e tratamento dos depoimentos verificou-se que ocorreram relaçÔes homossexuais nas categorias de base envolvendo
técnico e atleta, ou com outros membros da equipe diretiva, como parte dos contratos sociais, ligados exclusivamente a
objetivos profissionais. Estas relaçÔes parecem ser puramente objetais, nĂŁo parecendo existir vĂnculos afetivos duradouros,
aparentemente, devido à natureza transitória de atletas nesses grupos. Também, nesses ambientes, muitas vezes marcados
pela vulnerabilidade fĂsica e emocional dos atletas, os acertos para as relaçÔes homossexuais sĂŁo permeadas por dilemas
morais, tendo em vista que os atletas adolescentes idealizam o treinador como o arquĂ©tipo paterno ideal.âEl fĂștbol y la homosexualidad: Los conflictos que se encuentran dentro del juego afectivo de la relaciĂłn
atleta-entrenador de los adolescentes.â Las discusiones sobre la homosexualidad en contexto deportivo estĂĄn mediadas por
matices emocionales, sobre todo en el mundo del fĂștbol que exige a sus jugadores atributos como la fuerza, la virilidad y los jugadores. En este estudio, los investigadores utilizaron la metodologĂa de la historia de vida, con la participaciĂłn de
tres atletas adolescentes, con 14, 15 y 16 años, y tres ex atletas con 26, 28 y 45 años, que llamamos âoradoresâ. Basado
en la recogida y anĂĄlisis de testimonios de participantes en la investigaciĂłn, se encontrĂł que las relaciones homosexuales
que se han producido entre los atletas y entrenadores, o entre atletas y otros miembros del equipo de gestiĂłn, son como
parte de un âcontrato socialâ que estĂĄ vinculado exclusivamente a sus objetivos profesionales. Estas relaciones parecen
ser solamente como un objeto; porque a veces no hay vĂnculos afectivos autĂ©nticos, debido aparentemente a la naturaleza
transitoria de los atletas en estos grupos. Demasiado, este contexto es generalmente marcado por la vulnerabilidad fĂsica
y emocional del deportista, y los acuerdos que hace dentro de este contexto se acompañan con dilemas morales, debido
a que tales adolescentes idealizan el entrenador como un arquetipo paterno.
la agresividad. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo diagnosticar la existencia de relaciones homosexuales entre
adolescentes atletas de fĂștbol y sus entrenadores y la representaciĂłn simbĂłlica de estas relaciones. TambiĂ©n comprender
la intencionalidad de las relaciones homoafetivas que se intercambian entre algunos componentes del equipo directivo y(undefined
Attachment Styles Within the Coach-Athlete Dyad: Preliminary Investigation and Assessment Development
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