Die Nerven und das Bindegewebe der Pia des Menschen im mikrophotographischen Bild

Die Nerven der Pia des Menschen können mit der Silberkarbonattechnik von del Rio Hortega an Ganzpräparaten mikrophotographisch klar wiedergegeben und zwanglos in 2 Systeme eingeteilt werden: 1. Das perivaskuläre System, das von Nerven gebildet wird, die nach ihrem Eintritt in die Pia direkt zu den Gefäßen verlaufen und die letzteren mit einem dichten Geflecht umgeben. Das Grundnetz, welches von Nerven gebildet wird, die a) gleich nach ihrem Eintritt in die Pia sich aufsplittern und den Hauptteil des Grundnetzes bilden; b) von Nerven, welche von einem gefäßwärts verlaufenden Nerven sich abzweigen; c) von Nerven, welche zum perivaskulären Plexus gehören, und schließlich d) von starken Nervenbündeln, welche innerhalb des Grundnetzes zahlreiche Plexus bilden und allmählich in dasselbe übergehen. Das Grundnetz selbst erscheint histologisch als ein in sich geschlossenes Ganzes und enthält keine besonderen Endformationen. Die Strukturen des Bindegewebes zerfallen ebenfalls in 2 Systeme: A. das perivaskuläre Gewebe und B. das die Maschen der Gefäße ausfüllende Netz. A. Die oberflächliche Schicht der Adventitia besteht aus dichten, gleichmäßig starken, parallel verlaufenden Fasern. Die 2. Lage enthält große, ovale oder birnenförmige Zellen mit zahlreichen Ausläufern, welche in der Literatur vielfach als Ganglienzellen gedeutet worden sind. Die 3. Schicht ist durch ovale Auftreibungen ihrer Fasern charakterisiert und die 4. besteht aus zarten, der Media anliegenden Fibrillen. B. Die Maschen zwischen den Gefäßen sind von einem dichten Gewirr sich sternförmig kreuzender Fasern ausgefüllt. Es bestehen direkte Verbindungen zwischen dem Bindegewebe und den Zellen der Arachnoidea. The nerves and connective tissue of the human pia were investigated with the silver carbonate method of del Rio Hortega . The nerves of the pia form two distinctly different but closely associated systems: 1. the perivascular system is made up of nerves which enter the pia, give numerous branches to the ground network (Grundnetz) (Fig. 1), and form perivascular plexuses (Figs. 2, 3, 4) and, 2. the ground network (Grundnetz), which spreads out over the entire pia and is supported by connective tissue structures. The ground network is formed by: A) nerves which enter the pia and split into numerous branches (Fig. 5), B) ramification of perivascular nerves (Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9), C) numerous plexuses derived from coarse nerves which have no direct connection with the vessels; these plexuses gradually merge with the ground network (Figs. 10, 11, 12). The ground network is a dense interwoven structure without demonstrable terminal formations (Fig. 13). The latter have been found only on the media of vessels (Fig. 14). The connective tissue structures are no less complicated than those of the nerves and can also be subdivided into two systems: 1. the adventitia, and 2. the interwoven network of stellate fibers which fills in the space between the vessels. In the adventitia there can be distinguished four layers: A) the upper which contains coarse parallel fibers (Fig. 15), B) the second which is characterized by large, oval or round elements with numerous processes (Fig. 16), C) the third which is composed of fibers with numerous bead-like swellings along their course (Figs. 17, 18), and D) the fourth which consists of delicate fibers which lie directly on the media (Fig. 19). The meshes between the vessels are filled with stellate fiber formations (Fig. 20). The connective tissue fibers of the upper strata of the pia are connected with the processes of the cells of the arachnoidea and are surrounded by numerous connective tissue loops (Fig. 21). Les nerfs et le tissue conjonctif de la pie-mère humaine furent vérifiés à l'aide de la microphotographie de pièces du tissue entier imprégnées à la méthode de del Rio Hortega . Les nerfs montrent deux systèmes différents: 1. Le système périvasculaire formé par des nerfs qui en entrant dans la piemère joignent les vaisseaux en entournant ceux-ci avec un réseau dense.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41654/1/702_2005_Article_BF01227770.pd

Long-lived magnetism from solidification-driven convection on the pallasite parent body.

Palaeomagnetic measurements of meteorites suggest that, shortly after the birth of the Solar System, the molten metallic cores of many small planetary bodies convected vigorously and were capable of generating magnetic fields. Convection on these bodies is currently thought to have been thermally driven, implying that magnetic activity would have been short-lived. Here we report a time-series palaeomagnetic record derived from nanomagnetic imaging of the Imilac and Esquel pallasite meteorites, a group of meteorites consisting of centimetre-sized metallic and silicate phases. We find a history of long-lived magnetic activity on the pallasite parent body, capturing the decay and eventual shutdown of the magnetic field as core solidification completed. We demonstrate that magnetic activity driven by progressive solidification of an inner core is consistent with our measured magnetic field characteristics and cooling rates. Solidification-driven convection was probably common among small body cores, and, in contrast to thermally driven convection, will have led to a relatively late (hundreds of millions of years after accretion), long-lasting, intense and widespread epoch of magnetic activity among these bodies in the early Solar System.The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement No. 320750, the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 312284, the Natural Environment Research Council, Fundación ARAID and the Spanish MINECO MAT2011-23791.This is the accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Nature at http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v517/n7535/full/nature14114.html

X-ray-Induced Reversible Switching of an Azobenzene Derivative Adsorbed on Bi(111)

We report on the adsorption of a submonolayer of di-m-cyanoazobenzene (DMC) on Bi(111) and on the reversible switching of these molecules induced by resonant X-ray illumination. DMC adsorbs in at least two configurations, the flat trans and the nonflat cis isomer. We find that in 0.8 monolayers at least 26% of the molecules change their configuration at 110 K by excitation of the N1s → LUMO transition at the azo group, and by a thermally induced back reaction at 120 K. Nonresonant excitation with X-ray light does not induce any reversible changes

Measurement of Z0 decays to hadrons, and a precise determination of the number of neutrino species

We have made a precise measurement of the cross section for e+e--->Z0-->hadrons with the L3 detector at LEP, covering the range from 88.28 to 95.04 GeV. From a fit to the Z0 mass, total width, and the hadronic cross section to be MZ0=91.160 +/- 0.024 (experiment) +/-0.030(LEP) GeV, [Gamma]Z0=2.539+/-0.054 GeV, and [sigma]h(MZ0)=29.5+/-0.7 nb. We also used the fit to the Z0 peak cross section and the width todetermine [Gamma]invisible=0.548+/-0.029 GeV, which corresponds to 3.29+/-0.17 species of light neutrinos. The possibility of four or more neutrino flavors is thus ruled out at the 4[sigma] confidence level.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/28683/3/0000500.pd

A measurement of the Z0 leptonic partial widths and the vector and axial vector coupling constants

We have measured the partial widths of the Z0 into lepton pairs, and the forward-backward charge asymmetry for the process e+e--->[mu]+[mu]- using the L3 detector at LEP. We obtain an average [Gamma]ll of 83.0+/-2.1+/-1.1 MeV.From this result and the asymmetry measurement, we extract the values of the vector and axial vector couplings of the Z0 to leptons: grmv=-0.066-0.027+0.046 and grmA= -0.495-0.007+0.007.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/28666/3/0000483.pd

Управление системой электрохимической защиты магистрального газопровода в условиях вечной мерзлоты

Объектом исследования подсистема коррозионного мониторинга электрохимической зашиты магистрального газопровода. Цель работы – проанализировать управление системой электрохимической зашиты магистрального газопровода в условиях вечной мерзлоты. В результате анализа установлено, что ПКМ-ТСТ-КонтКорр удовлетворяет требованиям системы управления техническим состоянием и целостностью площадных объектов организации.The object of study is the subsystem of corrosion monitoring of electrochemical protection of the main gas pipeline. The purpose of the work is to analyze the management of the system of electrochemical protection of the main gas pipeline in permafrost conditions. As a result of the analysis, it was established that PKM-TST-KontKorr satisfies the requirements of the system for managing the technical condition and integrity of the organization’s area facilities