Influência Da Dinâmica Agrícola Itinerante Na Geração De Diversidade De Etnovariedades Cultivadas Vegetativamente

The Atlantic Rainforest is an area of importance for the conservation of biodiversity. Many traditional communities of peasants maintain secular agricultural practices. The relationship between these communities and their environment is of great relevance to the proposition of conservation strategies, because these communities have been interacting with the Rainforest environment through many generations. This paper analyzes the influence of agricultural management techniques of shift cultivation on the creation and maintenance of genetic variability of crops at infra and interspecific levels in areas of Atlantic forest in the southern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. We have determined the diversity of crops used by traditional family units, establishing interactions between the management processes used by the agriculturists and the life history components of their crops. For edible uses, 24 ethnospecies were cited (common names), corresponding to 11 botanical families and 161 varieties. We also discuss ethnotaxonomical features of cultivated species The maintenance of diversity and its amplification at the garden level are consequences of the interaction between farmer management and life history components of the crops. Natural dispersion and the establishment of soil seed banks associated to disturbance cycles stimulating colonization are examples of processes involved in the dynamics of diversity amplification.2512229Altieri, M.A., Masera, O., Sustainable rural development in Latin America: Building from the bottom-up (1993) Ecological Economics, 7, pp. 93-121Amorozo, M.C.M., (1996) Sistema de Agricultura Camponesa em Santo António Do Leverger. Mato Grosso, Brasil, , São Paulo, Faculdade de filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo. Tese (Doutorado) 274pBegon, M., Harper, J.L., Townsend, C.R., (1996) Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities, , Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1068pBellon, M.R., The dynamics of crop infraspecific diversity: A conceptual framework at the farmer level (1996) Economic Botany, 50 (1), pp. 26-39Berlin, B., Folk systematics in relation to biological classification and nomenclature (1973) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, pp. 259-271Berlin, B., (1992) Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies, , Princeton: Princeton University Press, 327pBoster, J., A comparison of the diversity of Jivaroan gardens with that of the tropical forest (1993) Human Ecology, 11 (1), pp. 47-68Brush, S.B., Ethnoecology, biodiversity, and modernization in Andean potato agriculture (1992) Journal of Ethnobiology, 12 (2), pp. 161-185Brush, S.B., Carney, H.J., Huamán, Z., Dynamics of Andean Potato Agriculture (1981) Economic Botany, 35 (1), pp. 70-88Carneiro, R.L., The cultivation of manioc among the Kuikuru of the Upper Xingú (1983) Adaptative Responses of Native Amazonians, pp. 65-111. , EO Hames e WT Vickers (eds.). New York: Academic PressChernela, J.M., Os cultivares de mandioca na área do uaupés (Tukâno) (1987) Suma Etnológica Brasileira, 1, pp. 51-158. , D Ribeiro (ed.). Petrópolis: ed. Vozes, 2a edCleveland, D.A., Soleri, D., Smith, S.E., Do folk crop varieties have a role in sustainable agriculture? (1994) BioScience, 44 (11), pp. 740-751Cury, R., (1993) Dinâmica Evolutiva e Caracterização de Germoplasma de Mandioca (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Na Agricultura Autóctone, , Piracicaba, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo. Dissertação (Mestrado). 103 pDean, W., (1997) A Ferro e Fogo: a História e a Devastação Da Mata Atlântica Brasileira, , São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 484pEden, M.J., Swidden cultivation in forest and savanna in lowland Southwest Papua New Guinea (1993) Human Ecology, 21 (2), pp. 145-166Eden, M.J., Crop diversity in tropical swidden cultivation: Comparative data from Colombia and Papua New Guinea (1988) Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 20, pp. 127-136Hanazaki, N., Leitão-Filho, H.F., Begossi, A., Uso de recursos na Mata Atlântica: O caso da ponta do Almada (Ubatuba, Brasil) (1996) Interciencia, 21 (6), pp. 268-276Harlan, J.R., (1992) Crops and Man. 2.ed., , American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America: Madison, 295pHunn, E., The utilitarian factor in folk biological classífícation (1982) Amerícan Anthropologist, 84 (4), pp. 830-847Johns, T., Kenn, S.L., Ongoing evolution of the potato on the Altiplano of Western Bolivia (1986) Economic Botany, 40 (4), pp. 409-424Kainer, K.A., Duryea, M.L., Tapping women's knowledge: Plant resource use in extractive reserves, Acre, Brazil (1992) Economic Botany, 46 (4), pp. 408-425Kerr, W.E., Agricultura e seleções genéticas de plantas (1987) Suma Etnológica Brasileira, 1, pp. 159-171. , D Ribeiro (ed.). 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Vozes, 2a edMartins, P.S., Biodiversity and agriculture: Patterns of domestication of Brazilian native plant species (1994) Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 66, pp. 219-226Myers, N., Threatened biotas: Hotspots in tropical forests (1988) Environmentalist, 8, pp. 1-20Myers, N., The biodiversity challenge: Expanded "hotspot" analysis (1991) Environmentalist, 10, pp. 243-256Oliveira, G.C.X., Observations on wild rice: Geographical distribution of wild Oryza species in Brasil (1994) Investigations of Plant Genetic Resources in the Amazon Basin with the Emphasis on the Genus Oryza, pp. 10-15. , H Morishima e PS Martins (eds.)Oliveira, R.R., Lima, D.F., Sampaio, P.D., Silva, R.F., Toffoli, D.D.G., Roça caiçara, um sistema "primitivo" auto-sustentável (1994) Ciência Hoje, 18 (104), pp. 44-51Peroni, N., (1998) Taxonomia Folk e Diversidade Intraespecífica de Mandioca (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) em Roças de Agricultura Tradicional em Áreas de Mata Atlântica do Sul do Estado de São Paulo, , Piracicaba. ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo. Dissertação (Mestrado). 196pPhillips, O., Gentry, A.H., The useful plants of Tamboapata, Peru: II. Addtional hypothesis testing in quantitative Ethnobotany (1993) Economic Botany, 47 (1), pp. 33-43Plotkin, M.J., The outlook for new agricultural and industrial products from the tropics (1988) Biodiversity, pp. 106-116. , EO Wilson (ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Academy PressPlotkin, M.J., The importance of ethnobotany for tropical forest conservation (1995) Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline, pp. 147-156. , RE Schultes e SV Reis (eds). Portland: Dioscorides PressPosey, D.A., Manejo da floresta secundária, capoeiras, campos e cerrados (Kayapó) (1987) Suma Etnológica Brasileira, 1, pp. 173-185. , Ribeiro, D. (ed.). Petrópolis: ed. Vozes, 2a edQuiros, C.F., Brush, S.B., Douches, D.S., Zimmerer, K.S., Huestis, G., Biochemical and folk assessment of variability of Andean cultivated potatoes (1990) Economic Botany, 44 (2), pp. 254-266Rappaport, R.A., The flow of energy in an agricultural society (1971) Scientific American, pp. 116-132Salick, J., Cellinese, N., Knapp, S., Indigenous diversity of cassava: Generation, maintenance, use and loss among the Amuesha, Peruvian upper Amazon (1997) Economic Botany, 51 (1), pp. 6-19(1990) Macrozoneamento do Complexo Estuario-lagunar de Iguape e Cananéia: Plano de Gerenciamento Costeiro, , Secretaria do Meio Ambiente (SMA), São Paulo Coordenadoria de Planejamento Ambiental. Divisão de Planejamento do Literal. São Paulo: SMA. 41p. 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Community Biodiversity Management: Promoting resilience and the conservation of plant genetic resources

This book is the first to set out a clear overview of CBM as a methodology for meeting socio-environmental changes. CBM is shown to be a key strategy that promotes community resilience, and contributes to the conservation of plant genetic resources. The authors present the underlying concepts and theories of CBM as well as its methodology and practices, and introduce case studies primarily from Brazil, Ethiopia, France, India, and Nepal. Contributors include farmers, leaders of farmers’ organizations, professionals from conservation and development organizations, students and scientists

Phytoestrogens Enhance the Vascular Actions of the Endocannabinoid Anandamide in Mesenteric Beds of Female Rats

In rat isolated mesenteric beds that were contracted with NA as an in vitro model of the vascular adrenergic hyperactivity that usually precedes the onset of primary hypertension, the oral administration (3 daily doses) of either 10 mg/kg genistein or 20 mg/kg daidzein potentiated the anandamide-induced reduction of contractility to NA in female but not in male rats. Oral treatment with phytoestrogens also restored the vascular effects of anandamide as well as the mesenteric content of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) that were reduced after ovariectomy. The enhancement of anandamide effects caused by phytoestrogens was prevented by the concomitant administration of the estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant (2.5 mg/kg, s.c., 3 daily doses). It is concluded that, in the vasculature of female rats, phytoestrogens produced an estrogen-receptor-dependent enhancement of the anandamide-vascular actions that involves the modulation of CGRP levels and appears to be relevant whenever an adrenergic hyperactivity occurs

Development and Validation of a Computational Model Ensemble for the Early Detection of BCRP/ABCG2 Substrates during the Drug Design Stage

Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) is an ATP-dependent efflux transporter linked to the multidrug resistance phenomenon in many diseases such as epilepsy and cancer and a potential source of drug interactions. For these reasons, the early identification of substrates and nonsubstrates of this transporter during the drug discovery stage is of great interest. We have developed a computational nonlinear model ensemble based on conformational independent molecular descriptors using a combined strategy of genetic algorithms, J48 decision tree classifiers, and data fusion. The best model ensemble consists in averaging the ranking of the 12 decision trees that showed the best performance on the training set, which also demonstrated a good performance for the test set. It was experimentally validated using the ex vivo everted rat intestinal sac model. Five anticonvulsant drugs classified as nonsubstrates for BRCP by the model ensemble were experimentally evaluated, and none of them proved to be a BCRP substrate under the experimental conditions used, thus confirming the predictive ability of the model ensemble. The model ensemble reported here is a potentially valuable tool to be used as an in silico ADME filter in computer-aided drug discovery campaigns intended to overcome BCRP-mediated multidrug resistance issues and to prevent drug−drug interactions.Facultad de Ciencias ExactasLaboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivo

High genetic diversity within and among bitter cassava cultivated in three soil types in Central Amazonia.

Bitter cassava is an important food crop that was domesticated in Amazonia. Although it is exclusively propagated by stem cuttings, cassava retained its ability of sexual reproduction. The occurrence and incorporation of sexual plants into the stock of clonal varieties contributes to the high genetic diversity observed within the crop. Despite being well adapted to nutrient deprived soils of Amazonia, ethnobotanical observations showed that communities of smallholder farmers along the middle Madeira River, in Central Amazonia, also cultivate cassava in the highly fertile soils of the floodplains and Amazonian dark earths (ADE). These farmers grow different sets of varieties in each soil type, which may also contribute to the maintenance of high levels of genetic diversity within the crop. We evaluated with 10 nuclear microsatellite markers the genetic diversity within and among some of the most commonly cultivated bitter cassava varieties grown on ADE, floodplain and Oxisols soils in the middle Madeira region. High levels of genetic diversity within varieties were observed (HO ranging from 0.495 to 0.707, and HE ranging from 0.250 to 0.460). Additionally, varieties were generally highly differentiated from each other. Although high levels of genetic diversity were previously observed in studies carried out in regions of low soil fertility in other parts of Amazonia, we identified that management of different soil types is important to the maintenance of genetically distinct stocks of varieties, which also contributes to the maintenance of the genetic diversity within the crop

Ice-lens formation and geometrical supercooling in soils and other colloidal materials

We present a new, physically-intuitive model of ice-lens formation and growth during the freezing of soils and other dense, particulate suspensions. Motivated by experimental evidence, we consider the growth of an ice-filled crack in a freezing soil. At low temperatures, ice in the crack exerts large pressures on the crack walls that will eventually cause the crack to split open. We show that the crack will then propagate across the soil to form a new lens. The process is controlled by two factors: the cohesion of the soil, and the geometrical supercooling of the water in the soil; a new concept introduced to measure the energy available to form a new ice lens. When the supercooling exceeds a critical amount (proportional to the cohesive strength of the soil) a new ice lens forms. This condition for ice-lens formation and growth does not appeal to any ad hoc, empirical assumptions, and explains how periodic ice lenses can form with or without the presence of a frozen fringe. The proposed mechanism is in good agreement with experiments, in particular explaining ice-lens pattern formation, and surges in heave rate associated with the growth of new lenses. Importantly for systems with no frozen fringe, ice-lens formation and frost heave can be predicted given only the unfrozen properties of the soil. We use our theory to estimate ice-lens growth temperatures obtaining quantitative agreement with the limited experimental data that is currently available. Finally we suggest experiments that might be performed in order to verify this theory in more detail. The theory is generalizable to complex natural-soil scenarios, and should therefore be useful in the prediction of macroscopic frost heave rates.Comment: Submitted to PR

Growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in growth hormone-deficient Little mice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible direct, growth hormone-releasing, hormone-independent action of a growth hormone secretagogue, GHRP-2, in pituitary somatotroph cells in the presence of inactive growth hormonereleasing hormone receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The responses of serum growth hormone to acutely injected growth hormone-releasing P-2 in lit/litmice, which represent a model of GH deficiency arising frommutated growth hormone-releasing hormonereceptors, were compared to those observed in the heterozygous (lit/&#43;) littermates and wild-type (&#43;/&#43;) C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS: After the administration of 10 mcg of growth hormone-releasing P-2 to lit/lit mice, a growth hormone release of 9.3±1.5 ng/ml was observed compared with 1.04±1.15 ng/ml in controls (p<0.001). In comparison, an intermediate growth hormone release of 34.5±9.7 ng/ml and a higher growth hormone release of 163±46 ng/ml were induced in the lit/&#43; mice and wild-type mice, respectively. Thus, GHRP-2 stimulated growth hormone in the lit/lit mice, and the release of growth hormone in vivo may be only partially dependent on growth hormone-releasing hormone. Additionally, the plasma leptin and ghrelin levels were evaluated in the lit/lit mice under basal and stimulated conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we have demonstrated that lit/lit mice, which harbor a germline mutation in the Growth hormone-releasing hormone gene, maintain a limited but statistically significant growth hormone elevation after exogenous stimulation with GHRP-2. The present data probably reflect a direct, growth hormone-independent effect on Growth hormone S (ghrelin) stimulation in the remaining pituitary somatotrophs of little mice that is mediated by growth hormone S-R 1a

Pastagem de Tifton 85 consorciado com forrageiras de inverno.

Experimento e Avaliações em Unidades de Produção; Manejo da Pastagem e Método de Semeadura de Forrageiras de Inverno; Época e Densidade de Semeadura; Produção da Pastagem Consorciada; Espécies de Inverno para o Consórcio.bitstream/item/54182/1/CO-79.pd