HEATR2 Plays a Conserved Role in Assembly of the Ciliary Motile Apparatus

Cilia are highly conserved microtubule-based structures that perform a variety of sensory and motility functions during development and adult homeostasis. In humans, defects specifically affecting motile cilia lead to chronic airway infections, infertility and laterality defects in the genetically heterogeneous disorder Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD). Using the comparatively simple Drosophila system, in which mechanosensory neurons possess modified motile cilia, we employed a recently elucidated cilia transcriptional RFX-FOX code to identify novel PCD candidate genes. Here, we report characterization of CG31320/HEATR2, which plays a conserved critical role in forming the axonemal dynein arms required for ciliary motility in both flies and humans. Inner and outer arm dyneins are absent from axonemes of CG31320 mutant flies and from PCD individuals with a novel splice-acceptor HEATR2 mutation. Functional conservation of closely arranged RFX-FOX binding sites upstream of HEATR2 orthologues may drive higher cytoplasmic expression of HEATR2 during early motile ciliogenesis. Immunoprecipitation reveals HEATR2 interacts with DNAI2, but not HSP70 or HSP90, distinguishing it from the client/chaperone functions described for other cytoplasmic proteins required for dynein arm assembly such as DNAAF1-4. These data implicate CG31320/HEATR2 in a growing intracellular pre-assembly and transport network that is necessary to deliver functional dynein machinery to the ciliary compartment for integration into the motile axoneme

FIG. 4 in New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2)

FIG. 4. Polysyncraton galaxum [(A) SAM E3200; (B–D) SAM E2927]. (A, B) Thoraces; (C) abdomen; (D) larva. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C); 0.5 mm (D).Published as part of <i>Kott, Patricia, 2010, New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2), pp. 2455-2526 in Journal of Natural History 38 (26)</i> on page 2479, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701359218, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10097597">http://zenodo.org/record/10097597</a&gt

FIG. 21 in New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2)

FIG. 21. (A) Lissoclinum conchylium (QM G308632); (B) Lissoclinum diversum (WAM 140.93); (C) Lissoclinum durabile (SAM E3218); (D) Lissoclinum levitum (SAM E3219); (E) Lissoclinum ostrearium (SAM E3215); (F) Lissoclinum reginum (QM G308617); (G) Lissoclinum roseum (WAM 882.89); (H) Lissoclinum stellatum (SAM E2926).Published as part of <i>Kott, Patricia, 2010, New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2), pp. 2455-2526 in Journal of Natural History 38 (26)</i> on page 2523, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701359218, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10097597">http://zenodo.org/record/10097597</a&gt

FIG. 7 in New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2)

FIG. 7. Didemnum crescente (SAM E3208). (A) Thorax; (B) abdomen. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.Published as part of <i>Kott, Patricia, 2010, New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2), pp. 2455-2526 in Journal of Natural History 38 (26)</i> on page 2491, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701359218, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10097597">http://zenodo.org/record/10097597</a&gt

FIG. 13 in New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2)

FIG. 13. (A) Lissoclinum laneum (SAM E2923), zooid with spherical and morula cells in the surrounding test. (B, C) Lissoclinum stellatum (SAM E2926). (B) Colony surface showing scattered spherical vesicles; (C) thorax. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C); 2 mm (B).Published as part of <i>Kott, Patricia, 2010, New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2), pp. 2455-2526 in Journal of Natural History 38 (26)</i> on page 2511, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701359218, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10097597">http://zenodo.org/record/10097597</a&gt

Novel Australian Polyzoinae (Styelidae, Tunicata)

Kott, Patricia (2005): Novel Australian Polyzoinae (Styelidae, Tunicata). Journal of Natural History 39 (32): 2997-3011, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500239702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022293050023970

New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea

KOTT, PATRICIA (2003): New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. Journal of Natural History 37 (13): 1611-1653, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110104258, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0022293011010425

The ascidian fauna of Western Port, Victoria, and a comparison with that of Port Phillip Bay

Volume: 37Start Page: 53End Page: 9

Pycnoclavella (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) species from the West Indian Ocean

Three new Pycnoclavella species, recorded from a number of locations in Algoa and Plettenberg bays, suggest an unusual diversity for this genus in South African waters and indicate the extent to which the fauna of this part of the world is incompletely explored and documented. One of the species, with sandy thread-like zooids forming loose aggregates, is in the stanleyi species-group; another has zooids partially embedded in solid test as do other species of the aurilucens group to which it belongs; and a third species is in the detorta group with the thoraces of its separated zooids turned at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the zooids and larvae that closely resemble those of Euclavella Kott, 1990. In the latter species the pharyngeal wall is reduced to a scaffolding of longitudinal and transverse branchial sinuses framing large perforations similar to those that in many abyssal species replace the small stigmata of most shallow water taxa of the Ascidiacea. The environmental pressures selecting for this remarkable adaptation are not known. A key to Pycnoclavella spp. recorded from the western Indian Ocean is included.Keywords: pharyngeal wall, otolith, ocellus, larvae, inverted tubular adhesive organ

FIG. 20 in New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2)

FIG. 20. (A) Didemnum poecilomorpha (WAM 142.93); (B) Didemnum scopi (WAM 203.93); (C) Didemnum sordidum (WAM 189.93); (D) Didemnum spumante (WAM 194.90); (E) Didemnum tabulatum (WAM 143.93); (F) Didemnum ternerratum (SAM E2920); (G) Didemnum vahatuio (WAM 204.93); (H) Lissoclinum coactum (WAM 1136.89).Published as part of <i>Kott, Patricia, 2010, New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2), pp. 2455-2526 in Journal of Natural History 38 (26)</i> on page 2522, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701359218, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10097597">http://zenodo.org/record/10097597</a&gt