Early and Late Outcome of Premature Newborns with History of Neonatal Intensive Care Units Admission at 6 Years Old in Zanjan, Northwestern Iran

How to Cite This Article: Sadeghzadeh M, Khoshnevisasl P, Parvaneh M, Mousavinasab N. Early and Late outcome of Premature Newborns with history of NICU Admission at 6 years old in Zanjan, Iran. Iran J Child Neurol. Spring 2016; 10(2):67-73.ObjectivePremature birth is an important factor for mortality and morbidity of neonates. This study was designed to evaluate the outcome of preterm neonates who needed neonatal intensive care (NICU) hospitalization after 6 yr at their entrance to the school.Materials & MethodsThis cross sectional study was conducted on premature neonates consecutively hospitalized in NICU of Valie Asr Hospital (the Academic Pediatric Hospital, Zanjan, Northwestern Iran) from September 2001 to September 2003. All children with a history of prematurity and NICU treatment were evaluated at their entrance to the school. Demographic findings, clinical examinations, IQ test, hearing and visual acuity exams were recorded.ResultsFrom 179 neonates, 78 (43.6%) survived and were discharged from hospital. Fifty-four of them were available and entered first grade in primary school. Only one case had severe mental retardation. One case had severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Hearing abnormality was not detected in any case. There was no significant relation between IQ score, visual as well as hearing findings and gestational age.ConclusionWe did not find significant disability in the outcome of surviving infants. This could be explained by the high mortality rate of neonates during hospitalization. References1. Fakher M, Shaaban W, Abdel Monein A, Hassan Z, Moustafa Fikry M. Statistical Study of Preterm Infants Admitted to NICU in Fawzy Moaz Hospital For Children. Alex J Pediatr 2005; 19 (1):155-8.2. Fauth de Araújo B, Zatti H, Madi JM, Coelho MB, Olmi FB, Canabarro CT. 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Arafa MA, Alshehri MA, Predictors of neonatal mortality in the intensive care unit in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2003; 24 (12): 1374-1376.17. Atalay D, Salihoğlu Ö, Can E, Beşkardeş A, Hatipoğlu S. Short-Term Outcomes of Very Low Birth Weight Infants Born at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Iran J Pediatr 2013; 23(2): 205-211.18. Mathews TJ, MacDorman MF. Infant Mortality Statistics From the 2007 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set. National Vital Statistics Reports. 2011;59(6).19. Natarajan G, Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Pappas A, Bann CM, McDonald SA, et al. Apgar scores at 10 min and outcomes at 6-7 years following hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2013 ;98(6):F473-9.20. Tommiska V – Heinonenk Ikonen S – pokelu ML-Renlund M/Virtanen M-fellman V. A national short –term followup study of extremely LBW infants born in Finland in 1996-1997. Pediatrics 2001; 107 (1):1-9.21. Ahmadpour M, Zahedpasha Y, Khafri S, Pishnamazi N. Short-term outcome of premature neonates admitted to NICU & newborn services at Amirkola children hospital in 2010. IJN 2012; 3( 3,4): 10.22. Calisici E, Eras Z, Oncel MY, Oguz SS, Gokce IK, Dilmen U. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of premature infants with severe intraventricular hemorrhage. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014 ; 14:1-6.23. Santos IS, Matijasevich A, Domingues MR, Barros AJD, Victora CG, Barros FC. Late preterm birth is a risk factor for growth faltering in early childhood: a cohort study; BMC Pediatrics 2009; 9:71.24. Leversen KT, Sommerfelt K, Rønnestad A, Kaaresen PI, Farstad T, Skranes J, et al. Prediction of neurodevelopmental and sensory outcome at 5 years in Norwegian children born extremely preterm. Pediatrics 2011;127(3):e630.25. Christian P, Murray-Kolb LE, Tielsch JM, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Khatry SK. Associations between preterm birth, small-for gestational age, and neonatal morbidity and cognitive function among school-age children in Nepal. 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The effect of different offline periods on enhancement-based consolidation process in implicit motor memory

Background and aims: The extensive studies examined necessary offline periods for happening consolidation enhancement in implicit and explicit memory in humans and obtained conflict findings. This study was aimed was to compare the effect of different offline periods on enhancement-based consolidation process in implicit motor memory. Methods: In this semi- experimental research, 60 health female students in the range of 20-30 years old were selected in convenience way and randomly divided into three groups with distance of 6, 24 and 72 hours in offline periods. This research consisted of two phases of learning and retention and serial reaction time task was used for this research. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measure and Bonferroni Post Hoc tests. Results: Results showed that in skill learning stage, group main effect and interaction effect between groups were not significant (P>0.05), but epoch main effect was significant (P<0.05), and practice led to decrease the reaction time in fifth epoch compared to other epochs. In retention stage, the epoch main effect and its interactive effect between group and epoch were significant (P<0.05). Furthermore, results showed that three groups in retention test epoch have better performance rather than epoch 5 in learning stage. Bonferroni Post Hoc tests showed that practice in group with 24h offline period appeared the better performance in reaction time rather than two other groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The search results indicated that make offline period after learning phase could be facilitated the implicit motor memory consolidation

Neuroimaging Findings of the High-risk Neonates and Infants Referred to Mofid Children’s Hospital

Abstract Objectives Neuroimaging in high-risk neonates and infants is done to help child neurologists predict the future neurodevelopmental outcome of these children. In this study, we assessed high-risk neonates and infants admitted to the NICU or neonatal wards of Mofid children’s Hospital, especially regarding clinical development and brain imaging Materials &amp; Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 170 patients admitted to the neonatal and NICU ward of Mofid children’s Hospital.Considering the inclusion criteria, 112 patients were included in this project. Brain ultrasonography was performed on almost all of these babies by a single radiologist. Some patients underwent a brain CT scan, and brain MRI without contrast was done on the others. These images were interpreted and compared by a single pediatric neuroradiologist blinded to clinical data. All of these babies were followed up until 18 months of age. Results In this study, 57.1% of the patients were male and 42.9% were female. Of 44 patients who obtained Electroencephalogram (EEG) during the hospitalization period with probable seizure, 25 (56.8%) had normal EEGs. Of 89 babies who were examined by ultrasound, 19 (21.3%) had abnormal findings; ventriculomegaly and then germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) were the most common abnormalities.Also, 27 cases (71.1%) of 38 patients undergoing a CT scan had abnormal findings. The most common findings were a hypodense area in the white matter and ventriculomegaly. Of 41 patients who underwent MRI between 1 and 27 months, 34 cases (82.9%) had an abnormal MRI. The most common findings were periventricular hyperintensities in 17 cases (41.5%), mildly delayed myelination in 15 cases (36.6%), and severe brain atrophy or thinning of corpus callosum or white matter volume loss in seven cases (17.1%). During the follow-up period, which was 18.55 ± 6.56 months, 79 (70.5%) of the children had normal development and 33 (29.5%) were suffering from a global neurodevelopmental delay. More precisely, 49 (43.7%) and 35 (31.2%) patients had motor development delay and delayed verbal development, respectively. The abnormal findings of brain imaging in the ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI were all significantly associated with an adverse neurodevelopmental outcome (P &lt;0.001, P = 0.02, and P &lt;0.001, respectively). ConclusionIn this study, we showed that at any time before six months or afterone year of age, the result of brain MRI was a strong predictor of thepatient’s outcome

Treniranje u uvjetima kontinuuma otežavajućega kontekstualnog utjecaja: usporedba triju različitih načina vježbanja na satovima tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture u osnovnim školama

Few studies have explored the contextual interference effect with children. The findings from these investigations have produced inconsistent results. The purpose of this study was to investigate further how the contextual interference effect influenced children learning a fundamental motor skill in a physical education class. Elementary students (N=36) practiced overarm throwing following traditional blocked or random scheduling. They were compared to a third group of participants practicing the same tasks following a schedule with systematic increases in contextual interference. Analysis revealed that all three groups improved during practice. Post-test results revealed performance differences in favor of the group that practiced with systematic increases in contextual interference. The findings reported here extend the results of previous studies by demonstrating that children can learn a motor skill by practicing with systematic increases in contextual interference. Theoretical considerations are discussed, as well as the relevance of the findings for practitioners and avenues for future research.Premalo je istraživanja koja su ispitivala učinke kontekstualnog utjecaja na učenje motoričkih znanja u djece. Rezultati tih istraživanja bili su proturječni. Cilj ovog istraživanja bilo je daljnje istraživanje učinaka kontekstualnog utjecaja na djecu koja uče osnovna motorička znanja na nastavi tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture. Učenici osnovnih škola (N=36) vježbali su osnovno bacanja loptice jednom rukom iznad glave u uvjetima tradicionalne, blokirane ili nasumične strukture kontekstualnog utjecaja. Rezultati tih učenika uspoređeni su s rezultatima treće grupe ispitanika koji su izvodili/vježbali isti motorički zadatak u uvjetima sustavnog povećanja otežavajućega kontekstualnog utjecaja. Rezultati su pokazali da su sve tri grupe ispitanika napredovale tijekom vježbanja. Rezultati finalnog mjerenja pokazali su također da je veći napredak zabilježen u grupi koja je vježbala u uvjetima sustavnog povećanja otežavajućega kontekstualnog utjecaja. Rezultati ovog istraživanja proširuju spoznaje dosadašnjih znanstvenih istraživanja ukazivanjem na činjenicu da djeca mogu učiti motorička znanja u uvjetima sustavnog povećanja otežavajućega kontekstualnog utjecaja. U članku su raspravljene teorijske osnove eksperimenta i praktičan doprinos dobivenih znanstvenih spoznaja te su predstavljene preporuke za daljnja znanstvena istraživanja

Efficiency of the Combined Chemical Precipitation -Reduction Process to Remove Dye and Chromium from Industry Wastewater of Home Appliance

Background: Industrial wastewater is one the most important pollutants of environment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the combined chemical precipitation-reduction process for removal of dye and chromium from wastewater of home appliance factories. Methods: This experimental study was performed in laboratory scale on wastewater from the dying unit of the home appliance factory. The process used was a combination of the chemical precipitation-reduction process. Combine sampling was done and 214 samples were analyzed. COD, dye, and chromium were measured in samples. MgCl2, Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC), and FeCl3, cationic polymer and bentonite were used for chemical precipitation; and sodium meta bi sulfite was used for chemical reduction. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey tests and by SPSS 16 software. Results: The results show that PAC had the highest color removal efficiency (90.92%). Also, the highest COD removal was related to the combination of magnesium chloride (1.4 mg/l), poly aluminum chloride (0.6 mg/l), and the coagulant aid cationic polymer (0.4 mg/l) with an efficiency of 89.11%. Moreover, total efficiency of the combined chemical precipitation and reduction process in chromium removal was 94%. Conclusion: The chemical precipitation- reduction process as a pre-treatment method has high efficiency in removal of COD, dye and chrome from wastewater of home appliance factories

Perspective Chapter: A Global View of Natural Hazards Related Disasters

Natural hazards have become an increasingly prevalent threat to the world, with the frequency of recorded disasters rising in the recent years. Analyzing global data on natural hazards, identifying the most common and deadly events, and prioritizing decision-making on safe constructions, settlements, and factories are crucial to respond effectively to this trend. Using the EM-DAT database, this study examined primary natural hazards worldwide from 1900 to 2022, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, droughts, wildfires, storms, and extreme temperatures. Statistical data show that storms have the highest frequency of occurrence (38%), droughts are the deadliest (53%), floods affect the most people (50%), and storms cause the most economic losses (41%). Asia has experienced the highest frequency, most deaths, and most total affected people due to natural hazards, followed by North America and Africa, respectively. North America has also seen the highest economic losses, followed by Asia and Europe. The study emphasizes the importance of databases like EM-DAT in advancing our knowledge of natural hazards worldwide, and supporting informed decision-making in risk assessment, disaster management, and mitigation efforts

Characterization of Effective Native Lactic Acid Bacteria as Potential Oral Probiotics on Growth Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans

Background and Objective: Probiotics' effects on harmful oral bacteria have been verifed. As antibiotic resistance becomes a major problem, searching for novel potential species is important. The objective of this study was to select novel safe strains of lactic acid bacteria with potentials as oral probiotics. Furthermore, ability of these strains to suppress growth and attachment of Streptococcus mutans as the most important cariogenic bacteria in tooth decay was investigated. Material and Methods: Initial identification tests, including Gram staining and catalase and oxidase tests, were carried out on 22 strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Iranian traditional dairy products. Safety of the strains was assessed using hemolysis test and antibiotic resistance assessment. Strains were then assessed for probiotic characteristics such inhibition of Streptococcus mutans growth, tolerance to lysozyme enzymes and ability of adhesion as well as ability of decreasing Streptococcus mutans adhesion. Selected strains were identified using16S rRNA molecular method. Results and Conclusion: Of all strains, four strains with the optimal probiotic characteristics were selected. These included one Lactobacillus brevis, one Lactobacillus casei and two Lactobacillus paraceasei. These four strains showed strong antimicrobial characteristics against Streptococcus mutans, were resistant to oral lysozyme enzymes and included high adhesion abilities to polystyrene wells. Furthermore, they decreased Streptococcus mutans attachment; thus, biofilm formation by this bacterium was prevented. These strains were recognized as safe strains since they were approved in assessments of antibiotic susceptibility and hemolytic activity. Therefore, these four strains are suggested as oral probiotics. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest

The Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Case Series of Iranian Family

How to Cite This Article: Karimzadeh P, Jafari N, Nejad Biglari Hb, Jabbehdari S, Alizadeh M, Alizadeh Gh, Nejad Biglari Hm, Sanii S. The Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Case Series of Iranian Family. Iran J Child Neurol. Winter 2016; 10(1):61-64.AbstractObjectiveAdrenoleukodystrophy disorder is one of the x-linked genetic disorders caused by the myelin sheath breakdown in the brain. In this study, we present 4 yr experience on this disorder.Materials &amp; MethodsThe patients diagnosed as adrenoleukodystrophy in the Neurology Department of Mofid Children’s Hospital in Tehran, Iran from 2010 to 2014 were enrolled into the study. The disorder was confirmed by neuroimaging and clinical findings along with genetic and neurometabolic assessment at Reference Laboratory in Germany. We assessed age, gender, past medical history, developmental status, clinical manifestations, and neuroimaging findings of populous family with adrenoleukodystrophy.ResultsAll of the patients were one populous family with high rate of consanguineous marriages. This disorder was confirmed by genetic assessment, VLCFA and brain MRI.c.253_254insC, p.R85Pfs112* was found in heterozygote state and the VLCFA assessment showed the typical pattern for adrenoleukodystrophy/ adrenomyeloneuropathy. This diagnosis was in agreement with the family history and the clinical history of the patient. Since there have been a number of cases in patient’s family in the past, so intensive follow-up on the family especially detection the female members of the family of childbearing age was recommended. The amount of C-26, C24/C22 and C26/C22 was elevated. All patients with the same genotype had wide ranges of clinical presentation.ConclusionEarly diagnose of this disease might help us for early intervention and prenatal diagnosis for the disease in next siblings

The Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Canavan’s Disease: A Case Series of Iranian Patients

How to Cite This Article: Karimzadeh P, Jafari N, Nejad Biglari H, Rahimian E, Ahmadabadi F, Nemati H, Nasehi MM, Ghofrani M, Mollamohammadi M. The Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Canavan’s Disease: A Case Series of Iranian Patients. Iran J Child Neurol. 2014 Autumn;8(3): 66-71.AbstractObjectiveCanavan’s disease is a lethal illness caused by a single gene mutation that is inherited as an autosomal recessive pattern. It has many different clinical features especially in the non-Ashkenazi Jewish population.Material &amp; Methods45 patients were referred to the Pediatric Neurology Department of Mofid Children’s Hospital in Tehran-Iran from 2010–2014 with a chief complaint of neuro developmental delays, seizures, and neuroimaging findings of leukodystrophy were included in this study. Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry (MRS) and neuro metabolic assessment from a referral laboratory in Germany confirmed that 17 patients had Canavan’s disease.ResultsVisual impairment, seizure, hypotonia, neuro developmental arrest, and macrocephaly were the most consistent findings in the patients in this study. Assessments of neuro developmental status revealed that 13 (76%) patients had neuro developmental delays and 4 (24%) patients had normal neuro development until 18 months of age and then their neuro developmental milestones regressed.  In this study, 100% of cases had macrocephalia and 76% of these patients had visual impairment. A history of seizures was positive in 8 (47%) patients and began around 3 months of age with the most common type of seizure was tonic spasm. EEGs were abnormal in all epileptic patients. In ten of the infantile group, we did not detect elevated level of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) in serum and urine. However, the MRS showed typical findings for Canavan’s disease (peaks of N-acetylaspartic acid).ConclusionWe suggest using MRS to detect N-acetylaspartic acid as an acceptable method for the diagnosis of Canavan’s disease in infants even with normal serum and urine N-acetylaspartic acid levels. ReferencesAdornato BT, O’Brien JS, Lampert PW, Roe TF, Neustein HB. Cerebral spongy degeneration of infancy. A biochemical and ultrastructural study of affected twins. Neurology 1972;22(2):202-10.Banker BQ, Robertson JT, Victor M. Spongy Degeneration of the Central Nervous System in Infancy. Neurology 1964; 14:981-1001.Chou SM, Waisman HA. Spongy Degeneration of the Central Nervous System: Case of Homocystinuria. Arch Pathol 1965; 79:357-63.Divry P, Vianey-Liaud C, Gay C, Macabeo V, Rapin F, Echenne B. N-acetylaspartic aciduria: report of three new cases in children with a neurological syndrome associating macrocephaly and leukodystrophy. 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The Efficiency of Peroxone Process in Packed Reactor for Removal of Anionic Surfactants and COD from Carwash Wastewater

Background: Carwash is an industry that consumes large amounts of water and its wastewater contains a variety of pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the Peroxone process as a method for wastewater treatment of carwashes. Methods: This study was conducted at laboratory scale. A total of 54 samples were collected from a carwash in Yazd city and COD and anionic surfactants removal percentages were respectively determined by using the standard vial and anionic surfactants method and Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS). The process was conducted with an ozone dose of 0.7 mg per min, H2O2 concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 mmol per liter, reaction times of 30, 60 and 90 min and pH of 7, 9 and 11 in a cylindrical reactor respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and through SPSS 18. Results: The removal efficiencies of COD and anionic surfactants increased with increasing pH and reaction time; so that, at pH =11 and after a reaction time of 90 minutes for an ozone dose of 0.7 mg/min and H2O2 concentration of 40 mmol/l, removal efficiency of COD and anionic surfactants were respectively 74.77% and 74.27%. Conclusion: The peroxone process has a good ability for removal of COD and anionic surfactants. Similar studies confirm the findings of this study. Meanwhile, pretreatment methods are recommended for further evaluation of this process