Las células presentadoras de antígeno y su papel en el síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio porcino

Las células presentadoras de antígeno son aquellas células encargadas de capturar, procesar y presentar antígenos con la finalidad de lograr una respuesta inmune efectiva por parte del organismo. Su papel, como centinelas, es crucial durante el transcurso de diversas enfermedades infecciosas. El estudio de estas células tras la infección con el virus del Síndrome Reproductivo y Respiratorio Porcino nos da información para abordar nuevas estrategias de control frente a esta enfermedad.Antigen presenting cells are able to capture, process and present antigens in order to develop an effective immune response. The role of these cells during infectious diseases is crucial to control the disease. Thus, the study of these cells after the infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus gives us useful information on how to control this disease

Bases de la respuesta inflamatoria en la forma respiratoria del PRRS

El Síndrome Reproductivo y Respiratorio Porcino (PRRS) es una enfermedad de distribución mundial que causa graves pérdidas económicas al sector porcino. Este virus no sólo es importante como agente causal del PRRS sino también por su participación en el desarrollo del Complejo Respiratorio Porcino. Su interacción con las defensas pulmonares, la alteración de la respuesta inmune y su persistencia en los órganos linfoides conlleva a que los cerdos tengan dificultades para luchar contra la enfermedad.Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is considered as the most economically important disease of the modern swine industry. The importance of this virus lies in not only being the causative agent of PRRSV, but also due to its implication in the onset of the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex. The interaction of the virus with pulmonary defenses, the impairment of the immune response as well as the viral persistence in lymphoid organs make overcoming the disease diffi cult to infected pigs

The jigsaw of PRRSV virulence

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of the, probably, most economically important disease for the pig industry worldwide. This disease, characterised by producing reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in growing pigs, appeared in the late 1980s in the United States and Canada. Since its appearance, strains capable of producing higher mortality rates as well as greater severity in clinical signs and lesions than classical strains have been identified. However, since the first reports of these “virulent” PRRSV outbreaks, no homogeneity and consensus in their description have been established. Moreover, to the authors’ knowledge, there is no published information related to the criteria that a PRRSV strain should fulfil to be considered as a “virulent” strain. In this review, we revise the terminology used and gather the information related to the main characteristics and differences in clinical signs, lesions, viral replication and tropism as well as immunological parameters between virulent and classical PRRSV strains and propose a first approximation to the criteria to define a virulent PRRSV strain

Activation of T-bet, FOXP3, and EOMES in Target Organs From Piglets Infected With the Virulent PRRSV-1 Lena Strain

Transcription factors (TFs) modulate genes involved in cell-type-specific proliferative and migratory properties, metabolic features, and effector functions. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogen agents in the porcine industry; however, TFs have been poorly studied during the course of this disease. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the expressions of the TFs T-bet, GATA3, FOXP3, and Eomesodermin (EOMES) in target organs (the lung, tracheobronchial lymph node, and thymus) and those of different effector cytokines (IFNG, TNFA, and IL10) and the Fas ligand (FASL) during the early phase of infection with PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Target organs from mock-, virulent Lena-, and low virulent 3249-infected animals humanely euthanized at 1, 3, 6, 8, and 13 days post-infection (dpi) were collected to analyze the PRRSV viral load, histopathological lesions, and relative quantification through reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of the TFs and cytokines. Animals belonging to both infected groups, but mainly those infected with the virulent Lena strain, showed upregulation of the TFs T-bet, EOMES, and FOXP3, together with an increase of the cytokine IFN-g in target organs at the end of the study (approximately 2 weeks post-infection). These results are suggestive of a stronger polarization to Th1 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), but also CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), effector CD8+ T cells, and gdT cells in virulent PRRSV-1-infected animals; however, their biological functionality should be the object of further studies

Activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in lung tissue injury during the acute phase of PRRSV-1 infection with the virulent strain Lena

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) plays a key role in porcine respiratory disease complex modulating the host immune response and favouring secondary bacterial infections. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) are the main cells supporting PRRSV replication, with CD163 as the essential receptor for viral infection. Although interstitial pneumonia is by far the representative lung lesion, suppurative bronchopneumonia is described for PRRSV virulent strains. This research explores the role of several immune markers potentially involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response and sensitisation of lung to secondary bacterial infections by PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Conventional pigs were intranasally inoculated with the virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low virulent subtype 1 3249 strain and euthanised at 1, 3, 6 and 8 dpi. Lena-infected pigs exhibited more severe clinical signs, macroscopic lung score and viraemia associated with an increase of IL-6 and IFN-γ in sera compared to 3249-infected pigs. Extensive areas of lung consolidation corresponding with suppurative bronchopneumonia were observed in Lena-infected pigs. Lung viral load and PRRSV-N-protein+ cells were always higher in Lena-infected animals. PRRSV-N-protein+ cells were linked to a marked drop of CD163+ macrophages. The number of CD14+ and iNOS+ cells gradually increased along PRRSV-1 infection, being more evident in Lena-infected pigs. The frequency of CD200R1+ and FoxP3+ cells peaked late in both PRRSV-1 strains, with a strong correlation between CD200R1+ cells and lung injury in Lena-infected pigs. These results highlight the role of molecules involved in the earlier and higher extent of lung lesions in piglets infected with the virulent Lena strain, pointing out the activation of routes potentially involved in the restraint of the local inflammatory response.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

La pesquería demersal gallega. Estrategias de pesca para su regulación racional en base a la merluza

El presente trabajo consta de dos partes diferenciadas. En la primera se hace una descripción de la pesquería demersal gallega a través del análisis de las flotas distribuidas por puertos y artes de pesca, así como de sus caladeros y las especies en ellos existentes. En la segunda, entramos en la dinámica de la especie más importante económicamente, que es la merluza (Merluccius merluccius L.) . Para ello se hace, en primer lugar, un cálculo de los vectores de mortalidad por pesca a que está sometida, mediante los modelos de Análisis de Cohortes con Distribuciones de Tallas (Jones. 1974) y Análisis de Cohortes (Pope. 1972), con el cual obtenemos también una estimación del reclutamiento medio. En segundo lugar y a partir de esos vectores de mortalidad por pesca actuales, subdivididos por arte de pesca, se realizaron simulaciones de cambios de malla y esfuerzo para el arrastre, y de esfuerzo para los otros artes (palangre, volanta y beta), para ver los efectos que causarían estos posibles cambios en la estrategia de pesca, en los rendimientos a largo plazo que se obtendrían. Para ello se utilizaron los modelos de Efectos de Cambios de Malla y Esfuerzo (Jones, 1974) y el modelo Multiartes (Ricker, 1975). Las pérdidas inmediatas por cambio de malla se calcularon mediante el modelo efectos de cambios en las mallas (Gulland, 1961), que nos da, asimismo, los efectos a largo plazo para el arrastre. Se realizan también estudios de sensibilidad del modelo de Ricker, y se calcula la correlación de los resultados obtenidos con los modelos empleados.The present paper has two different parts. Firstly we show a descrintíon of the demersal fishery of Galicia (NW Spain), thruough the analysis of their fleets distributed by fishing ports, gears, and also the fishing grounds and the species living on them. Secondly we study the population dynamics of the more important commercial species, that it is the Hake (Merluccius merluccius L.). To do so, we firstly do a calculation of the fishing mortality vectors exerted on this species, using the Cohort Analysis with Length Compositions (Jones, 1974), and the Cohort Analysis Model (Pope, 1972). In this way, we obtain also a estimation of the mean recruitment. Secondly, and with these current fishing mortality vectors subdivided by fishing gear, we did mesh size and effort level simulations for the trawlers, and only in the effort for the other gears (long-line, gillnet, and small gillnet), with the aim of studing the long-term changes in the yield of hake in this fishery with these simulations. To do so, we used the models of changes in mesh size and fishing effort (Jones, 1974), and multigears (Ricker, 1975). The immediate looses caused by the mesh size changes were calculated by the Gulland model (1961), that gave us also the long-term effects for the trawling. We also study the sensibility of the Ricker Model, and we calculate the correlation between the results obtained with the differents models used.Dans cet travail il-y-a deux parties différentes. La premier cet une description de la pécherie demersal galicienne a partir de l'analyse des flotilles distribues par ports et engins de peche, de meme que de la zone de peche et des especes qué on truve la. Rans la deuxiéme partie, nous parlons de la dynamique de la population de I'espece plus important économiauement, cet a dire, la merlu. Nous calculons, premierement, les vecteures de mortalité par peche avec les modeles de Analysis de Cohortes avec Distribution de Tailles (Jones, 1974), et Analysis de Cohortes (Pope,1972), de façon que nous obtenons aussi une estimationdu recrutement moyen. Apres, a partir de cettes vecteures de mortalité par peche actueles par engin de peche, on a fait des simulations de change de ouverture de maille et effort pour le chault, et de l'effort pour les outres envins (palangre, filets maillants et petits filets maillants), pour voir les consecances que rapporten cettes posibles chanaes du sistema de néche aux rendiments au long terme. Cet pour ca que nous avons utilise les modeles de Effects des Changes de Maílle et Effort (Jones, 1974), et le modele Multiengins (Ricker. 1975). La perte inmédiat pour varíation de la ouverture de la maille fut calcúle avec le modele de Gulland (1961) que nous donne au meme temps les consecances au long ternos pour le chalut. On fait aussi études de sensibilité du modele de Ricker, et on fait le calcule de la corrélation des resultats obtenus avec les modeles emuloyes.Versión del editor0,000

Efecto de la bajada de peso y la competición sobre el perfil de estado de ánimo en deportes de combate

El propósito de este estudio ha sido describir los cambios que sufre el estado de ánimo que presentan los deportistas de combate durante las fases de bajada de peso y su posterior recuperación antes del comienzo de los eventos competitivos prioritarios de la temporada. Un total de 105 hombres y mujeres especialistas en las modalidades de combate de luchaolímpica, taekwondo y boxeo fueron pesados y contestaron la versión abreviada del Perfil de Estados de Ánimo (POMS) entre 30 y 60 minutos antes del pesaje oficial (PRE) y entre 30 y 60 minutos antes del comienzo del primer combate (POST) de sus respectivos campeonatos nacionales. Los resultados demostraron que las hubo mejoras significativas (p < .05) en lasdimensiones de Cólera, Fatiga y Depresión, aunque estos cambios no parecen estar relacionados con la variación porcentual de la masa corporal que experimentan los deportistas durante este mismo periodo (r < .261). Estos hallazgos nos indican que las 12-18 horas que separan el pesaje oficial y el comienzo del torneo en deportes de combate propician mejoras sustanciales en sus estados de ánimo, aunque estos cambios parecen ser independientesde sus fluctuación de la masa corporal

Ten Issues to Update in Nosocomial or Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: An Expert Review

Nosocomial pneumonia, or hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are important health problems worldwide, with both being associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. HAP is currently the main cause of death from nosocomial infection in critically ill patients. Although guidelines for the approach to this infection model are widely implemented in international health systems and clinical teams, information continually emerges that generates debate or requires updating in its management. This scientific manuscript, written by a multidisciplinary team of specialists, reviews the most important issues in the approach to this important infectious respiratory syndrome, and it updates various topics, such as a renewed etiological perspective for updating the use of new molecular platforms or imaging techniques, including the microbiological diagnostic stewardship in different clinical settings and using appropriate rapid techniques on invasive respiratory specimens. It also reviews both Intensive Care Unit admission criteria and those of clinical stability to discharge, as well as those of therapeutic failure and rescue treatment options. An update on antibiotic therapy in the context of bacterial multiresistance, in aerosol inhaled treatment options, oxygen therapy, or ventilatory support, is presented. It also analyzes the out-of-hospital management of nosocomial pneumonia requiring complete antibiotic therapy externally on an outpatient basis, as well as the main factors for readmission and an approach to management in the emergency department. Finally, the main strategies for prevention and prophylactic measures, many of them still controversial, on fragile and vulnerable hosts are reviewed.30 página