Perspectives of using Illumina MiSeq for identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) form one of the most common symbiosis with the majority of land plants. AMF supply the plant with various mineral elements, primarily phosphorus, and improve the water supply. The search for the most effective AMF strains for symbiosis and the creation of microbial preparations on that basis is an important task for modern biology. Owing to the difficulties of cultivation without a host plant and their high genetic polymorphism, identifying AMF is very difficult. The high number of cryptic species often also makes morphological identification unreliable. Recent years have seen growth in the number of AMF biodiversity studies performed by modern NGS-based methods, Illumina MiSeq in particular. Currently, there are still many questions that remain for the identification of AМF. The most important are whether conservative or variable sequences should be used to select a marker for barcoding and whether universal primers or those specific to AMF should be used. In our work, we have successfully used universal primers ITS3 and ITS4 for the sequencing in Illumina MiSeq of the 5.8S rDNA – ITS2 region of the 35S rRNA genes, which contain both a conservative and variable regions. The molecular genetic approach for AMF identification was quite effective and allowed us to reliably identify eight of nine isolates to the species level: five isolates of Rhizophagus irregularis, and one isolate of R. invermaius, Paraglomus laccatum, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum, respectively. For all five R. irregularis isolates high variability in the ITS region and the absence of ecotopic-related molecular characters in the ITS2 region were demonstrated. The NCBI data is still insufficient for accurate AMF identification of Acaulospora sp. isolates from the genus to the species level

Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa

This article provides an outline of the classification of the kingdom Fungi (including fossil fungi. i.e. dispersed spores, mycelia, sporophores, mycorrhizas). We treat 19 phyla of fungi. These are Aphelidiomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota. The placement of all fungal genera is provided at the class-, order- and family-level. The described number of species per genus is also given. Notes are provided of taxa for which recent changes or disagreements have been presented. Fungus-like taxa that were traditionally treated as fungi are also incorporated in this outline (i.e. Eumycetozoa, Dictyosteliomycetes, Ceratiomyxomycetes and Myxomycetes). Four new taxa are introduced: Amblyosporida ord. nov. Neopereziida ord. nov. and Ovavesiculida ord. nov. in Rozellomycota, and Protosporangiaceae fam. nov. in Dictyosteliomycetes. Two different classifications (in outline section and in discussion) are provided for Glomeromycota and Leotiomycetes based on recent studies. The phylogenetic reconstruction of a four-gene dataset (18S and 28S rRNA, RPB1, RPB2) of 433 taxa is presented, including all currently described orders of fungi

Phylogenetic placement within Lecanoromycetes of lichenicolous fungi associated with Cladonia and some other genera

Though most of the lichenicolous fungi belong to the Ascomycetes, their phylogenetic placement based on molecular data is lacking for numerous species. In this study the phylogenetic placement of 19 species of lichenicolous fungi was determined using four loci (LSU rDNA, SSU rDNA, ITS rDNA and mtSSU). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the studied lichenicolous fungi are widespread across the phylogeny of Lecanoromycetes. One species is placed in Acarosporales, Sarcogyne sphaerospora; five species in Dactylosporaceae, Dactylospora ahtii, D. deminuta, D. glaucoides, D. parasitica and Dactylospora sp.; four species belong to Lecanorales, Lichenosticta alcicorniaria, Epicladonia simplex, E. stenospora and Scutula epiblastematica. The genus Epicladonia is polyphyletic and the type E. sandstedei belongs to Leotiomycetes. Phaeopyxis punctum and Bachmanniomyces uncialicola form a well supported clade in the Ostropomycetidae. Epigloea soleiformis is related to Arthrorhaphis and Anzina. Four species are placed in Ostropales, Corticifraga peltigerae, Cryptodiscus epicladonia, C. galaninae and C. cladoniicola comb. nov. (= Lettauia cladoniicola). Three new species are described, Dactylospora ahtii, Cryptodiscus epicladonia and C. galaninae.Peer reviewe

ПОПЕРЕЧНІ СИЛИ В РЕЙКАХ КОЛІЇ, ЩО ВИНИКАЮТЬ ПІД ЧАС РУХУ ПОЇЗДІВ ПО ПРОГІННИХ БУДОВАХ ТИПУ 690/7К

The work is devoted to experimental determination of the values of cross forces in the rails of track of sectional structures type 690/7K at movement of trains on these structures.Работа посвящена экспериментальному определению величин поперечных сил в рельсах пути на пролетных строениях типа 690/7К при движении по ним поездов.Робота присвячена експериментальному визначенню величин поперечних сил у рейках колії на прогінних будовах типу 690/7К під час руху по ним поїздів

Lichenicolous fungi of the Caucasus: unrevealed taxonomic diversity

So far 179 species of lichenicolous fungi in 83 genera are known from the Caucasus, while their real diversity can reach 450 species. The gaps are expected in the genera Acaroconium, Acremonium, Actinocladium, Arthrorhaphis, Asterophoma, Bacidia, Bloxamia, Buelliella, Burgoa, Calongeomyces, Capronia, Cladoniicola, Cladosporium, Cornutispora, Corynespora, Cyphelium, Didymosphaeria, Diederichia, Dinemasporium, Ellisembia, Endophragmiella, Hawksworthiana, Karsteniomyces, Laetisaria, Lawalreea, Leptosphaerulina, Libertiella, Lichenohendersonia, Llimoniella, Micarea, Microsphaeropsis, Minimedusa, Minutoexcipula, Monodictys, Obryzum, Ophiobolus, Ovicuculispora, Phacographa, Phacothecium, Phaeopyxis, Phaeoseptoria, Phaeospora, Phyllactinia, Phyllosticta, Pleospora, Polysporina, Protothelenella, Pseudocercospora, Pseudorobillarda, Pseudoseptoria, Pseudospiropes, Roselliniella, Roselliniopsis, Sagediopsis, Sarcopyrenia, Scutula, Skyttea, Spirographa, Sporormiella, Stagonospora, Telogalla, Trichoconis, Tubeufia and Weddellomyces, as well as in additional species of Cercidospora, Chaenothecopsis, Dactylospora, Endococcus, Nectriopsis, Phoma, Polycoccum, Pronectria, Sclerococcum, Stigmidium, Taeniolella and Zwackhiomyces.Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (проект 14–04–01031)