182 research outputs found
Трансформационный подход к разработке программных архитектур на основе нечетких графовых моделей
Abstract Novel technologies often face difficulties in market uptake, especially when they differ significantly from already established technologies. In some cases, like personalized medicine, new technologies are composed of a number of parallel emerging technologies – in our case therapeutics and corresponding diagnostics – that are heavily co-dependent and cannot diffuse without each other. Therefore, actors in an innovation system need to engage themselves in complex system building strategies in order to create a more favorable environment for their emerging technologies. The bodies of literature on system building and innovation ecosystems have little overlap so far. In this article, we show how system building in a technological innovation system depends on different framework conditions in creating a market for personalized cancer therapeutics and corresponding companion diagnostics in England — such as technological complementarities, timing strategies and organizational complexity. Using this case we illustrate how notions from the literature on innovation ecosystems can complement the current system building literature
Experimental Verification of the Chemical Sensitivity of Two-Site Double Core-Hole States Formed by an X-ray FEL
We have performed X-ray two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy (XTPPS) using
the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) in order
to study double core-hole (DCH) states of CO2, N2O and N2. The experiment
verifies the theory behind the chemical sensitivity of two-site (ts) DCH states
by comparing a set of small molecules with respect to the energy shift of the
tsDCH state and by extracting the relevant parameters from this shift.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure
Size selective spectroscopy of Se microclusters
The electronic structure and photofragmentation in outer and inner valence regions of Se-n (n <= 8) clusters produced by direct vacuum evaporation have been studied with size-selective photoelectron-photoion coincidence technique by using vacuum-ultraviolet synchrotron radiation. The experimental ionization potentials of these clusters were extracted from the partial ion yield measurements. The calculations for the possible geometrical structures of the Se-n microclusters have been executed. The ionization energies of the clusters have been calculated and compared with the experimental results. In addition, theoretical fragment ion appearance energies were estimated. The dissociation energies of Se-n clusters were derived from the recurrent relation between the gas phase enthalpies of the formation of corresponding cationic clusters and experimental ionization energies. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4737633
Auger transition from orbitally degenerate systems: Effects of screening and multielectron excitations
We calculate Auger spectra given by the two-hole Green's function from
orbitally degenerate Hubbard-like models as a function of correlation strength
and band filling. The resulting spectra are qualitatively different from those
obtained from fully-filled singly degenerate models due to the presence of
screening dynamics and multielectron excitations. Application to a real system
shows remarkable agreement with experimental results leading to
reinterpretation of spectral features.Comment: To appear in Phy. Rev. Let
Competition between decay and dissociation of core-excited OCS studied by X-ray scattering
We show the first evidence of dissociation during resonant inelastic soft
X-ray scattering. Carbon and oxygen K-shell and sulfur L-shell resonant and
non-resonant X-ray emission spectra were measured using monochromatic
synchrotron radiation for excitation and ionization. After sulfur, L2,3 ->
{\pi}*, {\sigma}* excitation, atomic lines are observed in the emission spectra
as a consequence of competition between de-excitation and dissociation. In
contrast the carbon and oxygen spectra show weaker line shape variations and no
atomic lines. The spectra are compared to results from ab initio calculations
and the discussion of the dissociation paths is based on calculated potential
energy surfaces and atomic transition energies.Comment: 12 pages, 6 pictures, 2 tables,
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.59.428
Cheating in Europe: underreporting of self-employment income in comparative perspective
Various national studies have used the expenditure method (Pissarides and Weber in J Public Econ 39(1):17–32, 1989) to estimate income underreporting by the self-employed relative to the wage earners. Within Europe, the studies mostly consider the UK or individual Nordic countries, while no data are available for most Southern European and Eastern European countries. This paper is the first to apply the expenditure method to a large number of EU countries using harmonised microdata and a common model specification to enhance cross-country comparability. We extend the number of countries studied using the expenditure method and contribute to the scarce comparative literature on tax non-compliance in general. Our estimates show substantial variation in income underreporting across countries, from under 10% to more than 40% of self-employed household income on average. The shares of underreporting do not appear to be related to the development level of the countries
Photoelectron recoil in CO in the x-ray region up to 7 keV
Carbon 1s photoelectron spectra of CO molecules in gas phase were recorded in
the tender x-ray energy range, from 2.3 to 6.9 keV. The intensity ratios of
individual peaks from ν=0 to 3 within the vibrational progression of the C 1s
photoelectron spectrum were determined at the various photon energies and are
shown to be strongly affected by the photoelectron recoil effect. The
experimental vibrational intensity ratios are compared with theoretical
predictions at different levels of accuracy. Developments of the recoil model,
using generalized Franck-Condon factors, rovibrational coupling, Morse
potential energy curves, and accurate angular averaging are presented and
applied to the analysis of the experimental results
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