1,361 research outputs found
Improving Design Characteristic to Estimate Load for Future Rock Climbing Studies
Rock climbing is an increasingly popular physical activity with indoor competition climbing accepted for inclusion at the summer 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. The International Olympic Committee consensus statement recommends the accurate monitoring of training load to reduce injury risk in athletes (Soligard, et al., 2016). Differences in acute/chronic training loads have been found to be predictive of injury occurrence (Gabbett, 2016). In published climbing literature to date, differences in injury terminology, data collection procedures, calculation of exposure and operational measures of performance used by authorship teams impedes comparison. At present, there is no consensus on design characteristics for use in epidemiological cohort studies in rock climbing. The aim of this article is to report a critical appraisal of methodologies used to estimate load and recommends an amendment to the IRCRA comparative grading scale to include British adjectival grade and design characteristics for future studies
Inter and intra-rater reliability of head posture assessment through observation
The purpose of this study is to assess inter and intra-rater reliability of head
posture (HP) assessment through observation
Detecting the Gravitational Redshift of Cluster Gas
We examine the gravitational redshift of radiation emitted from within the
potential of a cluster. Spectral lines from the intracluster medium (ICM) are
redshifted in proportion to the emission-weighted mean potential along the line
of sight, amounting to approximately 50 km/s at a radius of 100 kpc/h, for a
cluster dispersion of 1200 km/s. We show that the relative redshifts of
different ionization states of metals in the ICM provide a unique probe of the
three-dimensional matter distribution. An examination of the reported peculiar
velocities of cD galaxies in well studied Abell clusters reveals they are
typically redshifted by an average of km/s. This can be achieved by
gravity with the addition of a steep central potential associated with the cD
galaxy. Note that in general gravitational redshifts cause a small overestimate
of the recessional velocities of clusters by an average of 20 km/s.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, accepted to the Astrophysical Journal Letter
Bench to bedside: A role for erythropoietin in sepsis
Sepsis is the systemic inflammatory response to infection and can result in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome with associated high mortality, morbidity and health costs. Erythropoietin is a well-established treatment for the anaemia of renal failure due to its anti-apoptotic effects on red blood cells and their precursors. The extra-haemopoietic actions of erythropoietin include vasopressor, anti-apoptotic, cytoprotective and immunomodulating actions, all of which could prove beneficial in sepsis. Attenuation of organ dysfunction has been shown in several animal models and its vasopressor effects have been well characterised in laboratory and clinical settings. Clinical trials of erythropoietin in single organ disorders have suggested promising cytoprotective effects, and while no randomised trials have been performed in patients with sepsis, good quality data exist from studies on anaemia in critically ill patients, giving useful information of its pharmacokinetics and potential for harm. An observational cohort study examining the microvascular effects of erythropoietin is underway and the evidence would support further phase II and III clinical trials examining this molecule as an adjunctive treatment in sepsis
Binding branched and linear DNA structures: from isolated clusters to fully bonded gels
The proper design of DNA sequences allows for the formation of well defined
supramolecular units with controlled interactions via a consecution of
self-assembling processes. Here, we benefit from the controlled DNA
self-assembly to experimentally realize particles with well defined valence,
namely tetravalent nanostars (A) and bivalent chains (B). We specifically focus
on the case in which A particles can only bind to B particles, via
appropriately designed sticky-end sequences. Hence AA and BB bonds are not
allowed. Such a binary mixture system reproduces with DNA-based particles the
physics of poly-functional condensation, with an exquisite control over the
bonding process, tuned by the ratio, r, between B and A units and by the
temperature, T. We report dynamic light scattering experiments in a window of
Ts ranging from 10{\deg}C to 55{\deg}C and an interval of r around the
percolation transition to quantify the decay of the density correlation for the
different cases. At low T, when all possible bonds are formed, the system
behaves as a fully bonded network, as a percolating gel and as a cluster fluid
depending on the selected r.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figure
Immediate replacement of fishing with dairying by the earliest farmers of the NE Atlantic archipelagos
The appearance of farming, from its inception in the Near East around 12 000 years ago, finally reached the northwestern extremes of Europe by the fourth millennium BC or shortly thereafter. Various models have been invoked to explain the Neolithization of northern Europe; however, resolving these different scenarios has proved problematic due to poor faunal preservation and the lack of specificity achievable for commonly applied proxies. Here, we present new multi-proxy evidence, which qualitatively and quantitatively maps subsistence change in the northeast Atlantic archipelagos from the Late Mesolithic into the Neolithic and beyond. A model involving significant retention of hunter–gatherer–fisher influences was tested against one of the dominant adoptions of farming using a novel suite of lipid biomarkers, including dihydroxy fatty acids, ω-(o-alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids and stable carbon isotope signatures of individual fatty acids preserved in cooking vessels. These new findings, together with archaeozoological and human skeletal collagen bulk stable carbon isotope proxies, unequivocally confirm rejection of marine resources by early farmers coinciding with the adoption of intensive dairy farming. This pattern of Neolithization contrasts markedly to that occurring contemporaneously in the Baltic, suggesting that geographically distinct ecological and cultural influences dictated the evolution of subsistence practices at this critical phase of European prehistory
Learning the game: Breakdowns, breakthroughs and player strategies
Digital games are rich learning environments that require players to engage with challenging situations in order to progress. Recent research indicates that game-play involves overcoming breakdowns and achieving breakthroughs in relation to player action, understanding and involvement. In particular, breakthroughs involve moments of insight where learning occurs which, in turn, can help increase involvement. However, little is known about how players actually achieve breakthroughs. We applied the breakdown/breakthrough “lens” to explore how players attempt to achieve breakthroughs in relation to two single player games. We identified a finite number of strategies that illustrate how players learn in games. These strategies are considered in relation to producing playable and engaging games
Age-related differences in head posture between patients with neck pain and pain-free individuals
Head posture and neck pain of chronic nontraumatic origin: a comparison between patients and pain-free persons.SFRH/BD/30735/20
The experiences of Portuguese physiotherapists when they assess head posture for patients with neck pain: A focus group study
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