Tunica – Palla – Vellata

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Bekleidung, Schmuck und Frisuren des mediterranen Raumes auf spätantiken und frühmittelalterlichen Bildwerken aller Art (Mosaiken, Elfenbeinarbeiten, Buchmalerei etc.) in ihrer zeitlichen, räumlichen und sozialen Dimension zu analysieren. Dazu wird zunächst der Datenbestand erfaßt und beschrieben, wobei auch die schriftliche Überlieferung einbezogen wird. Die Frage, inwieweit überhaupt zeitgenössische Mode dargestellt ist, wird in einem separaten Kapitel diskutiert. Die anschließende Analyse beschäftigt sich vor allem mit dem Modewandel, der Ablesbarkeit sozialer Abstufungen an Kleidung und Accessoires und der direkten oder abgewandelten Übernahme der mediterranen Mode im Raum nördlich der Alpen

Gedanken zu Künstlichen Verformungen von Rionder - und Schafhörnern aus vor- und frügeschichtlicher Zeit

Se han presentado algunos ejemplos de deformaciones prehistóricas y de comienzos de la historia en cuernos de ganado bovino y ovino. En el ganado bovino esas deformaciones en los huesos son muy conocidas y se encuentran principalmente en los informes de Africa del norte. La forma y el motivo de estas deformaciones se pueden deducir a partir de los informes etnológicos modernos sobre las tribus nilóticas y a partir de las descripciones que datan del sglo XIX y principios del XX. En la ovejas, las manipulaciones de la forma de los huesos son muy raras en la prehistoria. Existe un caso extraordinario descrito por primera vez en este artículo que proviene de un asentamiento de principios de la Edad del Hierro en Büyükkaya, en Bogazköy-Hattusa, Anatolia Centra

Ancient mitogenomes from Pre-Pottery Neolithic Central Anatolia and the effects of a Late Neolithic bottleneck in sheep (Ovis aries)

Occupied between ~10,300 and 9300 years ago, the Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of Aşıklı Höyük in Central Anatolia went through early phases of sheep domestication. Analysis of 629 mitochondrial genomes from this and numerous sites in Anatolia, southwest Asia, Europe, and Africa produced a phylogenetic tree with excessive coalescences (nodes) around the Neolithic, a potential signature of a domestication bottleneck. This is consistent with archeological evidence of sheep management at Aşıklı Höyük which transitioned from residential stabling to open pasturing over a millennium of site occupation. However, unexpectedly, we detected high genetic diversity throughout Aşıklı Höyük's occupation rather than a bottleneck. Instead, we detected a tenfold demographic bottleneck later in the Neolithic, which caused the fixation of mitochondrial haplogroup B in southwestern Anatolia. The mitochondrial genetic makeup that emerged was carried from the core region of early Neolithic sheep management into Europe and dominates the matrilineal diversity of both its ancient and the billion-strong modern sheep populations

Data sharing reveals complexity in the westward spread of domestic animals across Neolithic Turkey

This study presents the results of a major data integration project bringing together primary archaeozoological data for over 200,000 faunal specimens excavated from seventeen sites in Turkey spanning the Epipaleolithic through Chalcolithic periods, c. 18,000-4,000 cal BC, in order to document the initial westward spread of domestic livestock across Neolithic central and western Turkey. From these shared datasets we demonstrate that the westward expansion of Neolithic subsistence technologies combined multiple routes and pulses but did not involve a set 'package' comprising all four livestock species including sheep, goat, cattle and pig. Instead, Neolithic animal economies in the study regions are shown to be more diverse than deduced previously using quantitatively more limited datasets. Moreover, during the transition to agro-pastoral economies interactions between domestic stock and local wild fauna continued. Through publication of datasets with Open Context (opencontext.org), this project emphasizes the benefits of data sharing and web-based dissemination of large primary data sets for exploring major questions in archaeology (Alternative Language Abstract S1)

Change in Historical Range of the Ural Owl in Europe

A carpometacarpus recovered during archaeological excavations in the town of Quaregnon is the western most find ever reported in Europe of a Ural Owl (Strix uralensis), and the first occurrence for Belgium. Both the morphology of the skeletal element and its measurements rule out an identification as any of the other Strigiformes from the Western Palearctic. The provenance of this specimen, that dates to the medieval period (10th-12th centuries AD), is discussed. It is hypothesized that the bird was a wild animal, but the available evidence does not unequivocally determine whether it belonged to a local, breeding population that went extinct or if it came from a more distant population. However, a survey of other zooarchaeological finds of Ural Owl in Europe shows that the species occurred farther west in the past, outside the present natural breeding range. This suggests that Ural Owl may have found suitable nesting biotopes in Belgium and northern France during the medieval period.status: publishe

Fleischversorgung in Fundstellen des bronzezeitlichen Bergbaus : Beispiele aus dem HiMAT-Projekt

Aufgrund der archäozoologischen Bestimmung von etwa 4'000 Tierknochen sowie der Analyse von zoologischen Schlämmfunden kann festgestellt werden, dass die Fleischnahrung der Bergleute der Verhüttungsplätze von Mauken bei Brixlegg überwiegend auf der Nutzung der Haustierarten Schwein, Schaf und Rind basierte. Unter den kleinen Hauswiederkäuer spielen die Ziegen für die fleischliche Ernährung keine Rolle. Ebenso wenig wurden das Fleisch von Wildtieren genutzt. Ob die Bergleute mit einer besonders fleischreichen Ernährung versorgt wurden, lässt sich vorläufig nur mutmassen. Diese wäre natürlich am einfachsten auf der Basis von Hausschweinen zu gewährleisten gewesen, ist doch für diese Tiere eine hohe Reproduktionsrate und eine ausschliessliche Fleischnutzung typisch. Der Vergleich mit bronzezeitlichen Siedlungsfunden zeigt ebenfalls auf, dass in Mauken aussergewöhnlich viel Schweinefleisch konsumiert wurde. Die Analyse der Skeletteilhäufigkeiten ergab, dass einzelne fleischreiche Körperregionen überrepräsentiert waren. Insgesamt kann dadurch für die Bergbauregion Mauken davon ausgegangen werden, dass die Bergleute speziell mit einer wohl fleischreichen Diät versorgt wurden, welche in erster Linie aus Schweinefleisch aber auch aus Schaf- und Rindfleisch bestand. Anzeichen für eine Nutztierhaltung, Schlachtung und Portionierung der Fleischteile in der Bergbauregion sind nicht vorhanden. Daraus lässt sich wohl eher auf eine Fleischproduktion in speziellen Produzentensiedlungen schliessen und höchstens in geringerem Masse auf eine Tierhaltung und Fleischproduktion in unmittelbarer Nähe der Bergbaukomplexe

GBIF-Compliant Data Pipeline for the Management and Publication of a Global Taxonomic Reference List of Pests in Natural History Collections

There is a growing demand for monitoring pests in natural history collections (NHCs) and establishing integrated pest management (IPM) solutions (Crossman and Ryde 2022). In this context, up-to-date taxonomic reference lists and controlled vocabularies following standard schemes are crucial and facilitate recording organisms detected in collections.The data pipeline described here results in the publication of a taxon reference list based on information from online resources and standard IPM literature. Most of the over 140 pest taxa on species level and above are insects, the rest belong to other animal groups and fungi.The complete taxon names, synonyms, English and German common names, and the hierarchical classification (parent-child relationships) are organised in a client-server installation of DiversityTaxonNames (DTN) at the Bavarian Natural History Collections (SNSB). DTN is a Microsoft Structured Query Language (MS SQL) database tool of the Diversity Workbench (DWB) framework with a published Entity Relation (ER) diagram (Hagedorn et al. 2019). The management is done using the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) backbone taxonomy as external name resource, with linkage to the respective Wikidata Q item ID as a external persistent identifier (PID). Moreover, information on pest occurrence in NHCs is given, distinguishing the Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) major NHC collection types affected (i.e., heritage sciences, life sciences and earth sciences) and the object categories, e.g., natural objects/specimens damaged. The data management in DTN enables the long-running curation, done by list curators.The generic data pipeline for the management and publication of a Global Taxonomic Reference List of Pests in NHCs is based on the DTN taxon lists concept and architecture and described under About "Taxon list of pest organisms for IPM at natural history collections compiled at the SNSB". It includes four steps (A–D) with significant results for best practices of data processing (Fig. 1).A. The data is managed and processed for publication by list curators in the database DiversityTaxonNames (DTN).As a result, the list can be kept up-to-date and is—without transformation—ready to be used for IPM solutions at any NHC with a DiversityCollection installation and as part of the DWB cloud services.B. The up-to-date data is publicly available via the DTN REST Webservice for Taxon Lists with machine-readable Application Programming Interface (API).As a result, the dynamic list publication service can be used as a reference backbone for establishing IPM solutions for pest monitoring at any NHC.C. The data is provided via the GBIF checklist data publication pipeline of the SNSB through GBIF validation tools and Darwin Core Archive in DwC-A (zip format)  for GBIF.As a result, the checklist information becomes part of the GBIF network with GBIF ChecklistBank and GBIF Global Taxonomy. This ensures future compliance   of data with the Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reuse (FAIR) guiding principles.D. The DTN REST Web service for Taxon Lists (currently 60 lists) is registered and accessible through the German Federation for Biological Data (GFBio) Terminology service.As a result, the lists with external PIDs and other information are available as a service (see DTN lists overview). In the upcoming Research Data Commons of the German National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) Initiative (Diepenbroek et al. 2021), it will be part of a standardized layer of APIs with an agreed interface scheme for improved accessibility.The provided tools, API and data are part of the upcoming NFDI4Biodiversity service portfolio. Future scenarios include the use of the list items and properties as classes for diagnosis purposes with DiversityNaviKey (Triebel et al. 2021) including the publication of images for identifying pests