La solidaridad de las obligaciones mercantiles en el Anteproyecto de Código Mercantil

El Código de comercio español vigente no recoge prescripción general sobre el régimen de responsabilidad de las obligaciones con varios deudores, por lo que debe acudirse al Código civil que establece, de forma terminante, un régimen de presunción de mancomunidad para las mismas, si bien sí hay numerosas disposiciones legales en sentido contrario. Tanto la doctrina científica (civil y mercantil) como la Jurisprudencia, han reclamado, para estas obligaciones, en el ámbito mercantil, el carácter solidario de la deuda. El Anteproyecto de Código mercantil supone un gran avance en esta materia pues no sólo incluye numerosas normas que recogen el principio de la responsabilidad solidaria, sino que en un precepto consagra de modo general, la solidaridad de las obligaciones mercantiles, lo que puede entenderse ya como una característica distintiva y diferenciadora de las obligaciones civiles

Autophagy is activated and involved in cell death with participation of cathepsins during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in barley

Microspores are reprogrammed towards embryogenesis by stress. Many microspores die after this stress, limiting the efficiency of microspore embryogenesis. Autophagy is a degradation pathway that plays critical roles in stress response and cell death. In animals, cathepsins have an integral role in autophagy by degrading autophagic material; less is known in plants. Plant cathepsins are papain-like C1A cysteine proteases involved in many physiological processes, including programmed cell death. We have analysed the involvement of autophagy in cell death, in relation to cathepsin activation, during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in Hordeum vulgare. After stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death increased and autophagy was activated, including HvATG5 and HvATG6 up-regulation and increase of ATG5, ATG8, and autophagosomes. Concomitantly, cathepsin L/F-, B-, and H-like activities were induced, cathepsin-like genes HvPap-1 and HvPap-6 were up-regulated, and HvPap-1, HvPap-6, and HvPap-19 proteins increased and localized in the cytoplasm, resembling autophagy structures. Inhibitors of autophagy and cysteine proteases reduced cell death and promoted embryogenesis. The findings reveal a role for autophagy in stress-induced cell death during microspore embryogenesis, and the participation of cathepsins. Similar patterns of activation, expression, and localization suggest a possible connection between cathepsins and autophagy. The results open up new possibilities to enhance microspore embryogenesis efficiency with autophagy and/or cysteine protease modulators.España, MINECO AGL2014-52028-R and AGL2017-82447-

Chloroplast damage induced by the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis triggers autophagy in chlamydomonas

Fatty acids are synthesized in the stroma of plant and algal chloroplasts by the fatty acid synthase complex. Newly synthesized fatty acids are then used to generate plastidial lipids that are essential for chloroplast structure and function. Here, we show that inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii activates autophagy, a highly conserved catabolic process by which cells degrade intracellular material under adverse conditions to maintain cell homeostasis. Treatment of Chlamydomonas cells with cerulenin, a specific fatty acid synthase inhibitor, stimulated lipidation of the autophagosome protein ATG8 and enhanced autophagic flux. We found that inhibition of fatty acid synthesis decreased monogalactosyldiacylglycerol abundance, increased lutein content, down-regulated photosynthesis, and increased the production of reactive oxygen species. Electron microscopy revealed a high degree of thylakoid membrane stacking in cerulenin-treated cells. Moreover, global transcriptomic analysis of these cells showed an up-regulation of genes encoding chloroplast proteins involved in protein folding and oxidative stress and the induction of major catabolic processes, including autophagy and proteasome pathways. Thus, our results uncovered a link between lipid metabolism, chloroplast integrity, and autophagy through a mechanism that involves the activation of a chloroplast quality control system.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad BFU2015-68216-PJunta de Andalucía CVI-7336, BIO2015-74432-JI

Prótesis total de cadera con poropatita: Resultados a 12 años

El trabajo analiza 150 prótesis totales de cadera, con un seguimiento de 12 años. En todos los pacientes se implantaron los componentes de Poropatita fabricados con aleación de Titanio y recubiertos de Poropatita. La edad de los pacientes oscilo entre los 25 y 85 años, con una media de 61 años, y en las revisiones posteriores realizadas, tanto clínica como radiográficamente, se observó una rápida integración de los implantes con áreas de osteoconducción y osteointegración evidentes.We reviewed 150 hip arthroplasties with a follow-up of 12 years. In all patients we used the components made of a titanium alloy with poropatita. The average age of the patients was 85 years (range 25-85 years). The follow-up period showed good clinical outcome, and radiographic parameters disclosed excellent integration of the implants with areas of osteoconduction and osteointegration

Tratamiento de la pseudoartrosis con P15

La reconstrucción de los defectos óseos, es un problema que se plantea con frecuencia en Cirugía Traumatológica. El objetivo de este trabajo esa evaluar la regeneración ósea en paciente con retardo de consolidación de fracturas de húmero y tibia, utilizando un factor de crecimiento (P15 combinado con Hidroxiapatita) y observar la respuesta osteoinductiva de la regeneración ósea. Se intervinieron quirúrgicamente 12 pacientes, con un seguimiento mínimo de 2 años. Describimos la metodología en cuanto a técnica y control post-operatorio y valoramos el estado clínico, radiológico e histológico. Los resultados fueron muy buenos en 10 casos. El P15 combinado con la Hidroxiapatita, ha permitido ver una respuesta osteoconductiva y osteoinductiva en los defectos óseos, con un futuro presumiblemente prometedor en Cirugía Ortopédica.The reconstruction of bone defects is a problem in the current orthopaedic surgery practice. The object of this study is to evaluate the regeneration in bones defects under the influence of a growth factor (P15 combined with hidroxyapatite), recording the evidence of osteo-inductive activity. Twelve patients with bone defects were operated with a minimal follow up of two years, we detailed the technique and postoperative management of the patients. Clinical, radiology and histology results were assessed, with excellent outcome in 10 cases. The P15 combined with Hidroxyapatite has allowed for a bone conductive and inductive response in bones defects

Interpreting finite element results for brittle materials in endodontic restorations

Background: Finite element simulation has been used in last years for analysing the biomechanical performance of post-core restorations in endodontics, but results of these simulations have been interpreted in most of the works using von Mises stress criterion. However, the validity of this failure criterion for brittle materials, which are present in these restorations, is questionable. The objective of the paper is to analyse how finite element results for brittle materials of endodontic restorations should be interpreted to obtain correct conclusions about the possible failure in the restoration. Methods: Different failure criteria (Von Mises, Rankine, Coulomb-Mohr, Modified Mohr and Christensen) and material strength data (diametral tensile strength and flexural strength) were considered in the study. Three finite element models (FEM) were developed to simulate an endodontic restoration and two typical material tests: diametral tensile test and flexural test. Results: Results showed that the Christensen criterion predicts similar results as the Von Mises criterion for ductile components, while it predicts similar results to all other criteria for brittle components. The different criteria predict different failure points for the diametral tensile test, all of them under multi-axial stress states. All criteria except Von Mises predict failure for flexural test at the same point of the specimen, with this point under uniaxial tensile stress. Conclusions: From the results it is concluded that the Christensen criterion is recommended for FEM result interpretation in endodontic restorations and that the flexural test is recommended to estimate tensile strength instead of the diametral tensile tes

Relations between technological and non-technological innovations in the service sector

In the economic literature, there is a debate on whether technological and non-technological innovations share the same determinants. As a result of this debate, two opposing views have emerged: the distinctive view argues that the determinants of both technologies are different; on the contrary, the integrative view considers that both types of technologies share determinants. The main objective that we pursue in this study is to test which of the two views is prevalent in the service sector of the Spanish economy. Analyses were performed using data from Spanish Technological Innovation Panel for the period 2008–2012. To perform hypothesis tests, the approach of complementarity was used. Our findings indicate that neither of the two approaches has been fully accredited, although the distinctive view is more prevalent. However, this radiography of relations tells us that companies can achieve further increases in productivity if technological innovation and non-technological innovation are implemented simultaneously

The contribution of technological and non-technological innovation to environmental performance. An analysis with a complementary approach

In this study, we pursue two objectives. First, we analyse the influence of product, process, and non-technological innovation on environmental performance. Second, we explore the existence of complementarities or substitutabilities between the different combinations of these three types of innovations to learn which combinations improve or worsen environmental performance. The analyses were performed using data from the 2013 Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC) for Spanish manufacturing companies. We use the two-stage least-squares method as an instrumental variable estimator, which allows us to control the endogeneity and obtain consistent estimators. Our findings indicate that product innovation and process innovation have a negative influence on environmental performance. Likewise, we have also found that the simultaneous implementation of product innovation and process innovation is unconditionally substitutive and that the joint implementation of process innovation and non-technological innovation is conditionally substitutive. This result reinforces the position of those researchers who have pointed out that the association between a greater technology orientation and a better firm environmental performance is probably too simplistic. Finally, it should be emphasized that only non-technological innovation contributes to achieving better environmental performance and that the joint implementation of product innovation and non-technology innovation is conditionally complementary.Junta de Extremadura | Ref. GR1809

Exploration, exploitation, and firm age in alliance portfolios

We analyzed the relationship between exploration-oriented and exploration-oriented alliances. Through the complementarity approach, three possible relationships were analyzed: complementarity, substitutability, and no relationship. We use Technological Innovation Panel data for Spanish manufacturing firms for 2005–2013. The econometric technique that we used to estimate the coefficients was population-averaged OLS. Our findings suggest that alliance portfolios formed by exploration-oriented and exploration-oriented alliances achieve worse innovation performance than specialized exploration or exploitation portfolios. In addition, we found that a single class of alliance has different impacts on innovation performance depending on whether it is implemented by a young company or a mature company

Instalación solar fotovoltaica para autoconsumo en una nave industrial

El objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado es proyectar una instalación fotovoltaica en la cubierta de una nave con actividad industrial. El dueño cuenta con una nave dedicada a la fabricación de tapones destinados a cualquier tipo de embotellados, ubicada en Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz) y su deseo principal es la reducción del consumo eléctrico de red, reduciendo así la correspondiente factura. Además, se pretende reducir las emisiones contaminantes y también lograr una imagen más verde y ecológica de la empresa. Para dicha instalación se hará uso de las dos cubiertas de tipo a dos aguas orientadas al este y al oeste, donde se instalarán un total de 864 paneles fotovoltaicos de manera coplanar con una potencia pico de 455Wp cada uno, que irán conectados a dos inversores. El total de la instalación será de 393,120 kWp de potencia. Dicha instalación estará dentro de la modalidad de autoconsumo con excedentes no acogida a compensación, pudiéndose vender los posibles excedentes en el mercado eléctrico y así obtener un beneficio económico de los mismos en caso de que los hubiera. En este trabajo se realizará una descripción de las características técnicas de la instalación, así como los cálculos necesarios para su dimensionamiento. Con una instalación de este tipo, la empresa ayudará en la lucha contra el cambio apostando por la sostenibilidad además de conseguir un ahorro económico en sus facturas eléctricas.The objective of this project is to design a photovoltaic installation on the roof of a warehouse with industrial activity. The promoter has a building dedicated to the manufacture of caps for any type of bottling, located in Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz) and whose main desire is to reduce electricity consumption, thus reducing the corresponding bill. In addition to reducing pollutant emissions and to achieve a greener and more ecological image of the company. The installation will make use of two gable roofs facing east and west, where a total of 864 photovoltaic panels will be installed in a coplanar manner with a peak power of 455Wp each, which will be connected to two inverters. The total power of the installation will be 393,120 kWp. This installation will be within the modality of self-consumption with surpluses not subject to compensation, being able to sell the possible surpluses in the electricity market and thus obtain an economic benefit from them in case there are any. In this work, a description of the technical characteristics of the installation will be made, as well as the necessary calculations for its sizing. With an installation of this type, the company will help in the fight against the change betting on sustainability in addition to achieving economic savings in their electricity bills.Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Ingeniería de la Energía