The number of compatible totally bounded quasi-uniformities

[EN] We prove that a topological space that admits a nontransitive to; tally bounded quasi-uniformity, admits at least 2(2N0) nontransitive totally bounded quasi-uniformities. Furthermore we show that each infinite T-2-space admits at least 2(2N0) transitive totally bounded quasi-uniformities. In fact, each supersober space having a discrete subspace of infinite cardinality kappa admits at least 2(2 kappa) transitive totally bounded quasi-uniformities.Kunzi, HA.; Pérez Peñalver, MJ. (2000). The number of compatible totally bounded quasi-uniformities. Acta Mathematica Hungarica. 88(1-2):15-23. doi:10.1023/A:1006788124139S1523881-

Three-dimensional finite element modelling of stack pollutant emissions

In this paper we propose a finite element method approach formodelling the air quality in a local scale over complex terrain. The area of interest is up to tens of kilometres and it includes pollutant sources. The proposed methodology involves the generation of an adaptive tetrahedral mesh, the computation of an ambient wind field, the inclusion of the plume rise effect in the wind field, and the simulation of transport and reaction of pollutants. The methodology is used to simulate a fictitious pollution episode in La Palma island (Canary Island, Spain).Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Education in human rights: ethical-civic formation of the social Educators as way to anticipate the ciberbullying

[ES] Internet ha creado un espacio de intercambio de comunicación y educación que ha abierto las puertas a multitud de oportunidades en todas las facetas de la vida para cualquier persona. Sin embargo, en este trabajo se analiza una nueva forma de acoso entre menores que está emergiendo gracias a las posibilidades que Internet abre a los agresores: el ciberbullying. El objetivo es detectar los aspectos importantes sobre el ciberbullying que puedan ser objeto de una intervención socio-educativa para proponer un plan de formación ético-cívica de los educadores sociales. Analizamos el ciberbullying a través de la una revisión sistemática de la literatura analizando los aspectos claves dentro de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo sobre este tema: edad, nivel educativo y género, herramientas tecnológícas, motivos y razones, estrategias de defensa y consecuencias para la víctima y el agresor. Posteriormente desarrollamos un plan de formación ética-cívica para los educadores sociales como agentes relevantes para la prevención y la eliminación del ciberbullying teniendo en cuenta los siguientes tipos de formación: formación de la autoestima, empatía y en los principios individuales y sociales de los derechos humanos, formación en habilidades sociales y resolución de conflictos, educar en la no violencia, formación en violencia de género, educar en igualdad, formación en alfabetización ética-virtual y formación en la responsabilidad individual y penal. Este tipo de formación ética-cívica de los educadores sociales es necesaria para que ellos puedan intervenir con niños y adolescentes para la prevención del ciberbullying y también para la prevención de la violación de los derechos humanos en diferentes contextos sociales. [EN] Internet has created a space of exchange of communication and education that has opened the doors for multitude of opportunities in all the facets of the life for any person. Nevertheless, in this work a new form of harassment is analyzed between minors that it is emerging thanks to the possibilities that Internet opens the aggressors: the ciberbullying. The aim is to detect the important aspects on the ciberbullying that they could be an object of an intervention partner educational to propose a plan of ethical - civic formation of the social educators. We analyze the ciberbullying across one systematic review of the literature analyzing the key aspects inside the investigations carried out on this topic: age, level educational and kind, technological tools, motives and reasons, strategies of defense and consequences for the victim and the aggressor.Later we develop a plan of ethical - civic formation for the social educators as relevant agents for the prevention and the elimination of the ciberbullying having in it counts the following types of formation: formation of the autoesteem, empathy and in the individual and social beginning of the human rights, formation in social skills and resolution of conflicts, to educate in not violence, formation in violence of kind, to educate in equality, formation in ethical-virtual literacy and formation in the individual and penal responsibility. This type of ethical-civic formation of the social educators is necessary in order that they could intervene with children and teenagers for the prevention of the ciberbullying and also for the prevention of the violation of the human rights in different social contexts

Cervical artrosis: effectiveness of a conventional physiotherapic treatment

El objetivo de este estudio consiste en valorar la efectividad de un tratamiento de fisioterapia convencional para la cervicoartrosis (microondas, tracción cervical, movilización activa, masaje e higiene postural). Para su realización, se han seleccionado 32 pacientes (26 mujeres y 6 hombres) diagnosticados de cervicoartrosis. Se han valorado factores como el dolor y el balance articular. Tras analizar los resultados, concluimos que el tratamiento planteado es efectivo en la patología de artrosis cervical.Terapia y Rehabilitació

Carborane-stilbene dyads: influence of substituents and cluster isomers on the photoluminescence properties

Two novel styrene-containing meta-carborane derivatives substituted at the second carbon cluster atom (Cc) with either a methyl (Me), or a phenyl (Ph) group, are introduced herein alongside with a new set of stilbene-containing ortho- (o-) and meta- (m-) carborane dyads. The latter set of compounds has been prepared from styrenecontaining carborane derivatives via Heck coupling reaction. High regioselectivity has been achieved for these compounds by using a combination of palladium complexes [Pd2(dba)3]/[Pd(t-Bu3P)2] as a catalytic system, yielding exclusively E isomers. All compounds have been fully characterized and the crystal structures of seven of them analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The absorption spectra of these compounds are similar to those of their respective fluorophore groups (styrene or stilbene), showing very low influence of the substituent (Me or Ph) linked to the second Cc atom or the cluster isomer (o- or m-). On the other hand, fluorescence spectroscopy revealed high emission intensities for Me-o-carborane derivatives, whereas their Ph-o-carborane analogues evidenced an almost total lack of fluorescence, confirming the significant role of the substituent bound to the adjacent Cc in o-carboranes. In contrast, all the m-carborane derivatives display similar photoluminescence (PL) behavior regardless of the substituent attached to the second Cc, demonstrating its small influence on the emission properties. Additionally, m-carborane derivatives are significantly more fluorescent than their o- counterparts, reaching quantum yield values as high as 30.2%. Regarding the solid state emission, only stilbene-containing Ph-o-carborane derivatives, which showed very low fluorescence in solution, exhibited a notable PL emission in films attributed to the aggregation-induced emission. DFT calculations were performed to successfully complement the photoluminescence studies, supporting the experimentally observed photophysical behavior of the styrene and stilbene-containing carborane derivatives. In conclusion, in this work is proved that it is possible to tailor the PL properties of the carborane-stilbene dyads by changing the Cc substituent and the carborane isomer.This work has been supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, MINECO, (CTQ2013-44670-R and CTQ2013-41339-P), and Generalitat de Catalunya (2014/SGR/149). Theoretical calculations have been achieved using computers from the Centro Técnico de Informática del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Ciéntificas (CTI-CSIC). ICMAB acknowledges financial support from the MINECO, through the “Severo Ochoa” Program for Centers of Excellence in R&D (SEV- 2015-0496).Peer reviewe

The state of art of the drought studies in Spain

Póster elaborado para el WCRP Workshop on Drought Predictability and Prediction in a Changing Climate celebrado en Barcelona del 2 al 4 de marzo de 201

Bacillus subtilis IAB/BS03 as a potential biological control agent

[EN] We describe the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis strain IAB/BS03 in reducing disease incidence of B. subtilis IAB/BS03 as a foliar treatment against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae on greenhouse-grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) plants. We also tested the effect of foliar treatments on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) against lettuce downy mildew caused by Bremia lactucae in multiple trials under different field conditions. All the assays indicated that B. subtilis IAB/BS03 reduced disease. To ascertain the mechanism of action, the induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, the accumulation of salicylic acid and the activation of peroxidase caused by foliar or root treatments with B. subtilis IAB/BS03 were studied in tomato. A salicylic acid-independent induction of the antifungal protein PR1 was observed after treatment with B. subtilis IAB/BS03, with the strongest induction due to root treatment compared with foliar application. A metabolic analysis of B. subtilis IAB/BS03 culture broth using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection determined surfactin and iturin A isomers. These compounds have been described as antifungal and antibiotic lipopeptides. The results indicated that B. subtilis IAB/BS03 could be effectively used as a biocontrol agent.This work was funded by IAB S. L. (Investigaciones y Aplicaciones Biotecnologicas, S. L.), and by grant BIO2012-33419 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Mayte Castellano was the recipient of a research grant also funded by IAB S. L. The authors would like to thank Cristina Torres (IBMCP, UPV-CSIC) for her excellent technical assistance.Hinarejos, E.; Castellano Pérez, M.; Rodrigo Bravo, I.; Belles Albert, JM.; Conejero Tomás, V.; López-Gresa, MP.; Lisón, P. (2016). Bacillus subtilis IAB/BS03 as a potential biological control agent. 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The H2O2-regulated Ep5C gene encodes a peroxidase required for bacterial speck susceptibility in tomato. The Plant Journal, 42, 283–293.Conrath, U., Pieterse, C. M. J., & Mauch-Mani, B. (2002). Priming in plant-pathogen interactions. Trends in Plant Science, 7, 210–216.Fleming, A. J., Mandel, T., Roth, I., & Kuhlemier, C. (1993). The patterns of gene expression in the tomato shoot apical meristem. The Plant Cell, 5, 297–309.Fravel, D. R. (2005). Commercialization and implementation of biocontrol. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 43, 337–359.Hammerschmidt, R., Nuckles, E. M., & Kuc, J. (1982). Association of enhanced peroxidase activity with induced systemic resistance of cucumber to Colletotrichum lagenarium. Physiological Plant Pathology, 20, 73–76.Kawagoe, Y., Shiraishi, S., Kondo, H., Yamamoto, S., Aoki, Y., & Suzuki, S. (2015). Cyclic lipopeptide iturin a structure-dependently induces defense response in Arabidopsis plants by activating SA and JA signaling pathways. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 460, 1015–1020.Kloepper, J. W., Ryu, C. M., & Zhang, S. A. (2004). Induced systemic resistance and promotion of plant growth by Bacillus spp. Phytopathology, 94, 1259–1266.Liu, H.-X., Li, S.-M., Luo, Y.-M., Luo, L.-X., Li, J.-Q., & Guo, J.-H. (2014). Biological control of Ralstonia wilt, Phytophthora blight, Meloidogyne root-knot on bell pepper by the combination of Bacillus subtilis AR12, Bacillus subtilis SM21 and Chryseobacterium sp. R89. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 139, 107–116.Mohammadi, M., & Kazemi, H. (2002). Changes in peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities in susceptible and resistant wheat heads inoculated with Fusarium graminearum and induced resistance. Plant Science, 162, 491–498.Niderman, T., Genetet, I., Bruyere, T., Gees, R., Stintzi, A., Legrand, M., et al. (1995). Pathogenesis-related PR-1 proteins are antifungal - isolation and characterization of 3 14-Kilodalton proteins of tomato and of a basic PR-1 of tobacco with inhibitory activity against Phytophthora infestans. Plant Physiology, 108, 17–27.Ohno, A., Ano, T., & Shoda, M. (1995). Effect of temperature on production of lipopeptide antibiotics, iturin a and surfactin by a dual producer, Bacillus subtilis Rb14, in solid-state fermentation. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 80, 517–519.Ongena, M., & Jacques, P. (2008). Bacillus lipopeptides: versatile weapons for plant disease biocontrol. Trends in Microbiology, 16, 115–125.Pérez-García, A., Romero, D., & De Vicente, A. (2011). Plant protection and growth stimulation by microorganisms: biotechnological applications of bacilli in agriculture. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 22, 187–193.Phister, T. G., O’Sullivan, D. J., & McKay, L. L. (2004). Identification of bacilysin, chlorotetaine, and iturin a produced by Bacillus sp strain CS93 isolated from pozol, a Mexican fermented maize dough. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 70, 631–634.Pieterse, C. M. J., vanWees, S. C. M., Hoffland, E., Van Pelt, J. A., & Van Loon, L. C. (1996). Systemic resistance in Arabidopsis induced by biocontrol bacteria is independent of salicylic acid accumulation and pathogenesis-related gene expression. The Plant Cell, 8, 1225–1237.Pryor, S. W., Gibson, D. M., Krasnoff, S. B., & Walker, L. P. (2006). Identification of antifungal compounds in a biological control product using a microplate inhibition bioassay. Transactions of the ASAE, 49, 1643–1649.Robert-Seilaniantz, A., Navarro, L., Bari, R., & Jones, J. D. (2007). Pathological hormone imbalances. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 10, 372–379.Rudrappa, T., Biedrzycki, M. L., Kunjeti, S. G., Donofrio, N. M., Czymmek, K. J., Paul W, P., et al. (2010). 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A., & Netrusov, A. I. (2006). Microbial producers of plant growth stimulators and their practical use: a review. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 42, 117–126.Van Loon, L. C. (2007). Plant responses to plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 119, 243–254.Verhagen, B. W. M., Glazebrook, J., Zhu, T., Chang, H. S., Van Loon, L. C., & Pieterse, C. M. J. (2004). The transcriptome of rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance in Arabidopsis. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 17, 895–908.Wulff, B. B. H., Horvath, D. M., & Ward, E. R. (2011). Improving immunity in crops: new tactics in an old game. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 14, 468–476.Yáñez-Mendizábal, V., Zeriouh, H., Viñas, I., Torres, R., Usall, J., de Vicente, A., et al. (2012). Biological control of peach brown rot (Monilinia spp.) by Bacillus subtilis CPA-8 is based on production of fengycin-like lipopeptides. 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Lecciones básicas de Derecho e instituciones de la Unión Europea

Los materiales docentes que aquí se presentan pretenden ser un texto de ayuda y consulta para aquellos que se acercan al Derecho de la Unión Europea; en ellos no sólo se contienen los conceptos básicos de la materia, sino que se han añadido a éstos, una serie de actividades didácticas y formativas específicamente orientadas al estudiante, y que le han de servir como instrumento para poder asentar sus conocimientos mediante la realización de prácticas y autoevaluaciones.The teaching materials presented here are intended as a help text and consultation for those who come to the European Union law; they not only contain the basic concepts of matter, but that have been added to these, a series of educational activities and training specifically geared toward the student, and that you have to serve as the instrument to be able to hone their knowledge through practical work and self-evaluations

Intramolecular Interception of the Remote Position of Vinylcarbene Silver Complex Intermediates by C(sp3)−H Bond Insertion

The trapping of the elusive vinylogous position of a vinyl carbene with an aliphatic C(sp3)−H bond has been achieved for the first time during a silver-catalyzed carbene/alkyne metathesis (CAM) process. A Tpx-containing silver complex first promotes the generation of a donor-acceptor silver carbene which triggers CAM, generating a subsequent donor-donor vinyl silver carbene species, which then undergoes a selective vinylogous C(sp3)−H bond insertion, leading to the synthesis of a new family of benzoazepines. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations unveil the reaction mechanism, which allows proposing that the C−H bond insertion reaction takes place in a stepwise manner, with the hydrogen shift being the rate determining step.We are grateful for financial support from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PGC2018-097722-B-I00, PID2020113797RB-C21 and PID2020-113711GB-I00 MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and FPU grants to A.D.-J. and R.M.-C.) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (Project 2017SGR-39). We also thank Junta de Andalucía (P18-1536) and Universidad de Huelva (P.O.Feder UHU202024). A.P.Q. and A.P. are Serra Húnter Fellows and A.P. thanks ICREA Academia Prize 2019. M.A. thanks Junta de Andalucia for a postdoctoral fellowship. E.B. thanks Cátedra Cepsa-Universidad de Huelva for financial support

Thermal and non-thermal effects of capacitive–resistive electric transfer application on different structures of the knee: A cadaveric study

Capacitive–resistive electric transfer therapy is used in physical rehabilitation and sports medicine to treat muscle, bone, ligament and tendon injuries. The purpose is to analyze the temperature change and transmission of electric current in superficial and deep knee tissues when applying different protocols of capacitive–resistive electric transfer therapy. Five fresh frozen cadavers (10 legs) were included in this study. Four interventions (high/low power) were performed for 5 min by a physiotherapist with experience. Dynamic movements were performed to the posterior region of the knee. Capsular, intra-articular and superficial temperature were recorded at 1-min intervals and 5 min after the treatment, using thermocouples placed with ultrasound guidance. The low-power protocols had only slight capsular and intra-capsular thermal effects, but electric current flow was observed. The high-power protocols achieved a greater increase in capsular and intra-articular temperature and a greater current flow than the low-power protocols. The information obtained in this in vitro study could serve as basic science data to hypothesize capsular and intra-articular knee recovery in living subjects. The current flow without increasing the temperature in inflammatory processes and increasing the temperature of the tissues in chronic processes with capacitive–resistive electric transfer therapy could be useful for real patients