A new Phoenix from the ashes?

The parish of Cernache do Bonjardim, according to CAOP20111 , is a small parish in the interior of Portugal, whose history dates back to the Late Bronze Age (about 700 BC)2 . In 1525, a reference was made to Cernache on a descriptive map that appears in the Codex of Hamburg. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were a time of cultural activity and exceptional dynamism, creating an almost cosmopolitan atmosphere in Cernache do Bonjardim, which is extraordinary, considering the Portuguese conjuncture in those times and the fact that Cernache, then just a village, is located in the center of the country. After this golden age, due to various negative pressures, it gradually declined, until the current stagnation. The orography of the study area consists of hills, with steep slopes, and agricultural areas, mostly located on plateaus, with small pieces of land and small owners. Cernache currently has 3,000 inhabitants (Census 2011) distributed in a territory with around 7,200 hectares. Desertification and the aging of the population are two of the great problems, being signs of its interiorityinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A glimpse at impacts and resilience in the Parish of Cernache do Bonjardim, Portugal

The object of study here is the parish of Cernache do Bonjardim in central Portugal and in accordance with the territorial boundaries in effect until 2013. The motivation for producing this article is that the results of the 2021 census are due for publication and may enable the building of relationships between these data and the resilience of the community in this parish. Based on the resilience of rural communities' concept, and through analysis of statistical data, we aim to understand how the variations in population and accommodation influence the different parameters of community resilience. The relevance of this work derives from its object of study and the actuality of the data. The starting data are those provided by the national institutions for the last three censuses. As there were administrative changes and impacts on the community in the last decade, there was the need to process the data to be able to analyse the studied parish in isolation. The findings demonstrate how the negative trends have continued over the last two decades, exacerbating the problems of desertification and population ageing. Therefore, the problems affecting the resilience of this community have also remained the same. As expected, the community of the parish studied proved to be resilient, despite all the setbacks and impacts suffered, as reflected in the various works developed both on this topic and on this community.R+D+i projects of the PAIDI 2020, PYC20 RE 029 IAPHinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Una aproximación a los impactos y la resiliencia en la feligresía de Cernache do Bonjardim, Portugal

L'objecte d'estudi d'aquest treball és la feligresia de Cernache do Bonjardim, situada en el centre de Portugal i segons els límits territorials definits fins a 2013. La motivació per a la realització d'aquest article es deu al fet que els resultats dels censos de 2021 estan començant a sortir i és possible construir relacions entre aquestes dades i la resiliència de la comunitat d'aquesta feligresia. Partint del concepte de resiliència de les comunitats rurals, i a través de l'anàlisi de les dades estadístiques, es pretén comprendre com influeix la variació de població i allotjament en els diferents paràmetres de la resiliència comunitària. La novetat d'aquest treball és l'objecte d'estudi i l'actualitat de les dades obtingudes. Les dades de partida són els proporcionats per les institucions nacionals per als últims tres censos. Com va haver-hi canvis administratius i la comunitat va sofrir impactes en l'última dècada, va haver-hi la necessitat de treballar les dades per a poder-se analitzar la feligresia estudiada presa aïlladament. Aquest treball mostra que les tendències han continuat durant les últimes dues dècades, la qual cosa ha exacerbat el problema de la desertificació i l'envelliment de la població. Per tant, els problemes que afecten la resiliència d'aquesta comunitat també s'han mantingut. Com era d'esperar, la comunitat de la feligresia estudiada va demostrar ser resilient, malgrat tots els contratemps i impactes que va sofrir, com ho demostren els diversos treballs que s'han desenvolupat sobre aquest tema i sobre aquesta comunitat.The object of study here is the parish of Cernache do Bonjardim in central Portugal and in accordance with the territorial boundaries in effect until 2013. The motivation for producing this article is that the results of the 2021 census are due for publication and may enable the building of relationships between these data and the resilience of the community in this parish. Based on the resilience of rural communities’ concept, and through analysis of statistical data, we aim to understand how the variations in population and accommodation influence the different parameters of community resilience. The relevance of this work derives from its object of study and the actuality of the data. The starting data are those provided by the national institutions for the last three censuses. As there were administrative changes and impacts on the community in the last decade, there was the need to process the data to be able to analyse the studied parish in isolation. The findings demonstrate how the negative trends have continued over the last two decades, exacerbating the problems of desertification and population ageing. Therefore, the problems affecting the resilience of this community have also remained the same. As expected, the community of the parish studied proved to be resilient, despite all the setbacks and impacts suffered, as reflected in the various works developed both on this topic and on this community.El objeto de estudio de este trabajo es la feligresía de Cernache do Bonjardim, ubicada en el centro de Portugal y según los límites territoriales definidos hasta 2013. La motivación para la realización de este artículo se debe a que los resultados de los censos de 2021 están comenzando a salir y es posible construir relaciones entre estos datos y la resiliencia de la comunidad de esta feligresía. Partiendo del concepto de resiliencia de las comunidades rurales, y a través del análisis de los datos estadísticos, se pretende comprender cómo influye la variación de población y alojamiento en los diferentes parámetros de la resiliencia comunitaria. La novedad de este trabajo es el objeto de estudio y la actualidad de los datos obtenidos. Los datos de partida son los proporcionados por las instituciones nacionales para los últimos tres censos. Como hubo cambios administrativos y la comunidad sufrió impactos en la última década, hubo la necesidad de trabajar los datos para poderse analizar la feligresía estudiada tomada aisladamente. Este trabajo muestra que las tendencias han continuado durante las últimas dos décadas, lo que ha exacerbado el problema de la desertificación y el envejecimiento de la población. Por lo tanto, los problemas que afectan la resiliencia de esta comunidad también se han mantenido. Como era de esperar, la comunidad de la feligresía estudiada demostró ser resiliente, a pesar de todos los contratiempos e impactos que sufrió, como lo demuestran los diversos trabajos que se han desarrollado sobre este tema y sobre esta comunidad.Peer Reviewe

Characterization and territorial distribution of religious heritage in the parish of Cernache do Bonjardim, Central Portugal

Since Portugal is a mainly Catholic country, there are several testimonies of the practice of this religion and the faith of the people. In the parish of Cernache do Bonjardim, Central Portugal, birthplace of Sao Nuno de Santa Maria (canonized on April 26, 2009), there are several types of buildings related to religion, such as churches, chapels, field crosses and built sets. The number of churches and chapels is impressive: 18 religious buildings exist in a territory with about 7000 Ha and 3000 inhabitants (Census 2011). These buildings dated from different periods, have different characteristics and, within the same category, interesting differences can also be found. The main objectives of this article are to characterize and analyse the current situation of this heritage and its dissemination, enhancement and subsequent protection. The methods used were based on bibliographic, iconographic, photographic, cartographic, webgraphic research, in situ surveys and interaction with local residents. The approach comprises the survey of the religious heritage mentioned above, subsequent cataloguing and analysis regarding the orientation chosen for its construction, its age and its geographic distribution. With this analysis it is possible to group the elements into categories that facilitate their characterization. One of the main limitations of the investigation was the lack of documents and registrations about the described elements, which is partly due to the fire of 1917, in the City Hall, which destroyed all existing documents, and partly due to the disappearance of some of those elements and the subsequent reuse and relocation of the materials that made them up, making it difficult to recognize them, as well as the geographical and temporal location of their construction. The main conclusions are that most of the churches and chapels, against all expectations, do not respect the traditional canonical orientation and, that the majority of them was built in the 20th century and (probably) in the 17th century. Although distributed uniformly throughout the territory of the parish, the religious heritage is mostly found in the village of Cernache do Bonjardim and in the area of Serra da Santa, the highest point in this territory (475 m). This work does not intend to influence even more the attitudes of the population because they already value, appreciate and care for this heritage. However, the point of view presented in this article is different from the usual one and may open a new way of looking at this heritage. The originality of this work is that this type of heritage has not yet been approached in the territory under study. The article contributes to another study about this parish. As future developments, an analysis of the relationship between the dominant terrain orientations and the location of these patrimonial elements is suggested in order to be able to estimate more relationships that may exist.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Synthetic Pulmonary Surfactant Preparations: New developments and future trends

Pulmonary surfactant is a lipid-protein complex that coats the interior of the alveoli and enables the lungs to function properly. Upon its synthesis, lung surfactant adsorbs at the interface between the air and the hypophase, a capillary aqueous layer covering the alveoli. By lowering and modulating surface tension during breathing, lung surfactant reduces respiratory work of expansion, and stabilises alveoli against collapse during expiration. Pulmonary surfactant deficiency, or dysfunction, contributes to several respiratory pathologies, such as infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) in premature neonates, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults. The main clinical exogenous surfactants currently in use to treat some of these pathologies are essentially organic extracts obtained from animal lungs. Although very efficient, natural surfactants bear serious defects: i) they could vary in composition from batch to batch; ii) their production involves relatively high costs, and sources are limited; and iii) they carry a potential risk of transmission of animal infectious agents and the possibility of immunological reaction. All these caveats justify the necessity for a highly controlled synthetic material. In the present review the efforts aimed at new surfactant development, including the modification of existing exogenous surfactants by adding molecules that can enhance their activity, and the progress achieved in the production of completely new preparations, are discussed

Efeitos do tripolifosfato de sódio sobre as características microbiológicas, físico-químicas e vida-de-prateleira em lingüiça frescal de frango

Neste trabalho foram analisados os efeitos da adição de 0,125%, 0,25%, 0,375% e 0,5% de tripolifosfato de sódio sobre as contagens microbiológicas de Coliformes Totais, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfito redutores, microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios, psicrotróficos aeróbios, nas características físico-químicas de oxidação lipídica e pH em lingüiças frescais de carne de frango, armazenadas sob refrigeração a 5ºC nos dias 0, 8, 15 e 22. O tripolifosfato de sódio não aumentou a segurança microbiológica das lingüiças de frango, pois verificou-se aumento progressivo nas contagens das bactérias presentes, como mesófilos aeróbios e psicrotróficos aeróbios não demonstrando diferença significativa com relação ao tratamento aplicado. Para os coliformes totais evidenciou-se variação nas contagens dos mesmos, no decorrer do experimento, não apresentando correlação com as concentrações de tripolifosfato de sódio adicionadas nas lingüiças de frango. Para os demais microrganismos pesquisados os resultados encontrados nas amostras no dia 0 foram: para Salmonella spp. ausência em 25g das amostras, Staphylococcus aureu

Territory and drystone walls. Comparative of case studies in central and southern Portugal

Since becoming settled, Man had the need to shape the territory in his benefit, gaining ground for agricultural activity. Drystone walls were the way found to overcome sharp slopes. The way these walls are arranged in the territory is not random, as it may seem at first glance: they are disposed in the best way to facilitate the agricultural activity, taking into account the natural factors of the territory where they are located, such as orography, climate or geology. Taking as study cases two regions in Portugal under slightly different climate regimes, one located in the Algarvian Barrocal and the other located in the Center, we intend to compare and advance with explanations as to the way drystone walls are disposed and their relation to the territory. To achieve the objectives bibliographical and photographic studies, as well as interviews with the inhabitants of these areas, and cartographic and field surveys were carried out. Whereas the purpose, materials and construction characteristics were achieved by the previous, their disposition and relationship with the orography were carried out by the latest. Particularly, field surveys were made by digital stereophotogrammetry applied to several overlapping nadiral photographic images from different perspectives acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle along its flying pathways that allowed for very high-resolution geographic data. Where such surveys were not made, cartographic data were used instead. Through the dissemination of such vernacular heritage, it becomes valued and known. In this way, people will attribute cultural and patrimonial value, protecting it, especially the local population that tends not to attribute any value to this “minor” heritage, contributing to its disappearance. There are still not much works about this subject in the areas analyzed here, so this paper has an added value, in order to disseminate and create added value to these kind of heritage.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

When agriculture rules over the territory: Drystone walls

The objectives of this paper are mainly the dissemination of knowledge about drystone walls, a “minor heritage”, and the awareness of its importance in the territory characterization. These objectives are achieved when this theme is disclosed and explained. Heritage is protected and appreciated only if it is understood. The expected practical impact is essentially related to the recognition of this type of heritage. The main methodology consists of bibliographical and iconography collection, field surveys and exchange of ideas with the local people. The approach is made from the point of view of how the practiced agriculture characterizes the territory, not only its structure, because is also necessary to know the local typologies of drystone walls to allow to characterize them. Some characteristics of drystone walls were discovered in this investigation, which are directly related to the territory where they are inserted. The following limitations were found: the gradual replacement of drystone walls with masonry walls; changes in the type of agriculture; the difficulty of finding masters who have the know-how about drystone walls; the recognition of this heritage by the local population; and the gradual local population diminution. Practical implications are an improved sense of belonging and identity as the knowledge and appreciation of this heritage increases the pride of the population which was verified in the field surveys. The originality of this paper is the object of study, the Parish of Cernache do Bonjardim, Portugal, since there are very few works about it, also with added value to the dissemination of this type of heritage and its potential exploitation and protection by local population. It is possible to renew theterritory of these walls and use it for touristic, educational and cultural purposes, encouraging the local economy.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Nucleoside transporter proteins as biomarkers of drug responsiveness and drug targets

Nucleoside and nucleobase analogs are currently used in the treatment of solid tumors, lymphoproliferative diseases, viral infections such as hepatitis and AIDS, and some inflammatory diseases such as Crohn. Two gene families are implicated in the uptake of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs into cells, SCL28 and SLC29. The former encodes hCNT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3 proteins. They translocate nucleosides in a Na + coupled manner with high affinity and some substrate selectivity, being hCNT1 and hCNT2 pyrimidine- and purine-preferring, respectively, and hCNT3 a broad selectivity transporter. SLC29 genes encode four members, being hENT1 and hENT2 the only two which are unequivocally implicated in the translocation of nucleosides and nucleobases (the latter mostly via hENT2) at the cell plasma membrane. Some nucleoside-derived drugs can also interact with and be translocated by members of the SLC22 gene family, particularly hOCT and hOAT proteins. Inter-individual differences in transporter function and perhaps, more importantly, altered expression associated with the disease itself might modulate the transporter profile of target cells, thereby determining drug bioavailability and action. Drug transporter pharmacology has been periodically reviewed.Thus, with this contribution we aim at providing a state-of-the-art overview of the clinical evidence generated so far supporting the concept that these membrane proteins can indeed be biomarkers suitable for diagnosis and/or prognosis. Last but not least, some of these transporter proteins can also be envisaged as drug targets, as long as they can show "transceptor" functions, in some cases related to their role as modulators of extracellular adenosine levels, thereby providing a functional link between P1 receptors and transporters

Who is who in adenosine transport

Extracellular adenosine concentrations are regulated by a panel of membrane transporters which, in most cases, mediate its uptake into cells. Adenosine transporters belong to two gene families encoding Equilibrative and Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter proteins (ENTs and CNTs, respectively). The lack of appropriate pharmacological tools targeting every transporter subtype has introduced some bias on the current knowledge of the role of these transporters in modulating adenosine levels. In this regard, ENT1, for which pharmacology is relatively well-developed, has often been identified as a major player in purinergic signaling. Nevertheless, other transporters such as CNT2 and CNT3 can also contribute to purinergic modulation based on their high affinity for adenosine and concentrative capacity. Moreover, both transporter proteins have also been shown to be under purinergic regulation via P1 receptors in different cell types, which further supports its relevance in purinergic signaling. Thus, several transporter proteins regulate extracellular adenosine levels. Moreover, CNT and ENT proteins are differentially expressed in tissues but also in particular cell types. Accordingly, transporter-mediated fine tuning of adenosine levels is cell and tissue specific. Future developments focusing on CNT pharmacology are needed to unveil transporter subtype-specific events