Emotions Enforce Fairness Norms (a Simple Model of Strong Reciprocity)

In experimental games, many subjects cooperate contrary to their material interest and they do that in a reciprocal manner. In addition, many subjects punish those others who behave unkindly, and previous history usually influences subjects’ choices. We propose a simple game-theoretical model to account for these and other experimental phenomena, and compare it with other models of social preferences and reciprocity.Emotions; Fairness; Path-Dependency; Strong Reciprocity; Social Norms

The Power of Words: Why Communication fosters Cooperation and Efficiency

We present a game-theoretical model that accounts for abundant experimental evidence from games with non-binding communication (‘cheap talk’). It is based on two key ideas: People are conditionally averse to break norms of honesty and fairness (i.e., the emotional cost of breaking a norm is low if few people comply), and heterogeneous with regard to their concern for norms. The model explains (a) why cooperation in social dilemmas rises if players can previously announce their intended play, (b) why details of the communication protocol like the number of message senders and the order in which players communicate affect cooperation, (c) why players in sender-receiver games tend to transmit more information than a standard analysis would predict, and (d) why senders of false messages are often sanctioned if punishment is available.Communication; Cooperation; Fairness; Heterogeneity; Honesty; Reciprocity; Social Norms

Do Economists Lie More?

Recent experimental evidence suggests that some people dislike telling lies, and tell the truth even at a cost. We use experiments as well to study the socio-demographic covariates of such lie aversion, and find gender and religiosity to be without predictive value. However, subjects’ major is predictive: Business and Economics (B&E) subjects lie significantly more frequently than other majors. This is true even after controlling for subjects’ beliefs about the overall rate of deception, which predict behavior very well: Although B&E subjects expect most others to lie in our decision problem, the effect of major remains. An instrumental variables analysis suggests that the effect is not simply one of selection: It seems that studying B&E has a causal impact on behavio

Individual Heterogeneity in Punishment and Reward

We design experiments to study the extent to which individuals differ in their motivations behind costly punishment and rewarding. Our findings qualify existing evidence and suggest that the largest fraction of players is motivated by a mixture of both inequity-aversion and reciprocity, while smaller fractions are primarily motivated by pure inequity-aversion and pure reciprocity. These findings provide new insights into the literature on other-regarding preferences and may help to reconcile important phenomena reported in the experimental literature on punishment and reward.Heterogeneity; inequity aversion; monetary punishment/reward; reciprocity; social norms.

Do Economists Lie More?

Recent experimental evidence suggests that some people dislike telling lies, and tell the truth even at a cost. We use experiments as well to study the socio-demographic covariates of such lie aversion, and find gender and religiosity to be without predictive value. However, subjects’ major is predictive: Business and Economics (B&E) subjects lie significantly more frequently than other majors. This is true even after controlling for subjects’ beliefs about the overall rate of deception, which predict behavior very well: Although B&E subjects expect most others to lie in our decision problem, the effect of major remains. An instrumental variables analysis suggests that the effect is not simply one of selection: It seems that studying B&E has a causal impact on behavior.Communication; honesty; lie aversion; major; norms.

Elasticity of cigarette demand in Argentina: An empirical analysis using vector error-correction model.

Is objective this paper estimate empirically the short and long-term effects on cigarette demand in Argentina based on changes in cigarette price and income. We analyzed data from the Ministry of Economy and Production of Argentina. Analysis was based on monthly time-series data between 1994 and 2004. The econometrics specification is a linear double-logarithmic form using cigarettes consumption per person older than 14 y. as dependent variable and real income per person older than 14 y. and the real average price of cigarettes sales as independent variables. Empirical analyses were done in three steps: 1) To verify the order of integration of the variables using the augmented Dickey-Fuller test; 2) To test for co-integration using the Johansen-Juselius maximum likelihood approach to capture the long-term effects; and 3) To utilize the Vector error-correction model to capture the short-run dynamics of the variables.Results: The empirical results showed that in the long-term period the demand for cigarettes in Argentina is affected by changes in real income and real average price of cigarettes. The value of income elasticity is equal to 0.54 while the value of own-price elasticity is equal to –0.34. The results using vector error-correction model estimation suggest that the short-term cigarette demand in Argentina is independent of price (not statistically significant). The value of the short-term income elasticity is equal to 0.49. A simulation exercise show that increasing the prices in a 120% we can obtain a maximum of revenues from cigarette tax and obtain also a big impact in the fall of the total consumption of cigarettes in the country.Price elasticity, cigarette demand, Tobacco control

Dieta mediterránea y publicidad: análisis deontológico del discurso publicitario

La regulación de la publicidad de alimentos tiene, como objetivo general, asegurar que las declaraciones nutricionales y de propiedades saludables sean veraces y no induzcan a error al consumidor. Sin embargo, la utilización de este tipo de declaraciones no implica una correcta educación nutricional del consumidor. Tal y como se recoge en estudios previos, las grasas (especialmente las animales) son estigmatizadas en publicidad, al igual que el azúcar y algunas carnes. El presente trabajo pretende investigar qué productos alimenticios se nos venden a través de la publicidad, con qué frecuencia y cómo lo hacen para comparar la 'dieta publicitaria' con una dieta sana y equilibrada como la mediterránea

La Doctrina Romanística sobre el incumplimiento de las obligaciones y el concepto de non-performance of contract

A lo largo del Trabajo se pretenden analizar las relaciones jurídicas patrimoniales entre acreedor y deudor, las obligaciones generadas como consecuencia de las mismas, así como el régimen relativo al incumplimiento o non-performance y los remedios que el mismo lleva aparejados. Para ello, se partirá de la concepción romanística y la modulación sufrida a lo largo del tiempo fruto de los criterios interpretativos de las diferentes escuelas de pensamiento. Para, más adelante, hacer una distinción entre las obligaciones genéricas y específicas, las causas que dan lugar al incumplimiento y la posible exoneración de responsabilidad de las partes

La intervención administrativa en el sector turístico español: La política turística

En el presente trabajo he pretendido estudiar el complejo entramado de la intervención administrativa sobre el sector turístico español. En este sentido he partido de analizar la evolución de la legislación turística, su tipología organizativa, la distribución de competencias; así como la política turística española y de la UniónEuropea. De manera concreta, y respecto a esta última, se han analizado sus precedentes, estos son: el Plan Marco de Competitividad del Turismo Español (1992-1995) —conocido como Plan Futures I—, el Plan Marco de Competitividad del Turismo Español (1996-1999) —conocido como Plan Futures II—, el Plan Estratégico de la Política Turística Española (2000-2016) —conocido como PICTE—, y el Plan Español Horizonte 2020 (2008-2011); además del actual Plan Nacional e Integral de Turismo (2012-2016). De esta forma se trata de configurar las estructuras jurídicas del sector turístico en España, y para ello se ha ofrecido una visión actual de situación en la vertebración del Derecho administrativo del turismo de nuestro país.The aim of this paper is to deal with the problem that implies the administrative intervention over the tourism in Spain. In this sense, stars considering the evolution of the legislation relating to tourism, its organisation and the distribution of competences between the different Autonomous Regions and the Central Government. The paper ends paying particular attention to the evolution of the Spanish and European Policy relating to tourism considering, in particular, to the so called Plan Marco de Competitividad del Turismo Español (1992-1995) —better known as /Plan Futures I— ; /the / Plan Marco de Competitividad del Turismo Español (1996-1999)/ —known as /Plan Futures II/—, the /Plan Estratégico de la Política Turística Española (2000-2016)/ —known as / PICTE/—, the /Plan Español Horizonte 2020 (2008-2011);/ and, finally, the current / Plan Nacional e Integral de Turismo (2012-2016)

Evaluation of a Fall Alerting System based on a Convolutional Deep Neural Network

Artículo sobre detección de caídas con redes neuronales profundasOwing to the effects of falls on quality of life of the elderly, automatic fall detection systems (FDS) have become a key research topic in the ambit of telecare. This works assesses the performance of convolutional neural networks when they are applied to identify fall accidents in a wearable FDS provided with a tri-axial accelerometer. The evaluation of the detection algorithm is carried out by employing a benchmarking repository with a wide set of traces captured from a wide group of volunteers that executed a programmed series of Activities of the Daily Living (ADLs) and emulated falls. Results show that the CNN can properly distinguish both types of movements with a success rate (specificity and sensitivity) around 99%.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech