The Investigation on Preparation of Nano-Sized Raw Medicinal Material from the Natural Spar

In the result of many years’ investigations we have developed a new version of medical mineral processing technology based on the Mongolian traditional technology. By this technology a nano-sized raw medicinal material has been derived from medical quality natural minerals without involving any kind of chemical reagents and grinder. The size, composition and structure of the resultant product are confirmed by CT microscope, IR spectrometer and X-ray refractometer analysis as being 98% calcium hydrate (Ca(OH2)) containing 13.09 nm lutetium, bounded with milk protein and amino-acid, and is being transformed to the co-ferment (metal-organic) form of 13.51 nm nano-cluster lactate calcium. This work is the kind of first in the field of nano-technology development in Mongolia and therefore describes some parts of investigations carried out for the derivation of nano-sized new raw medicinal material in more detail.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i4.52 Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2009 No.4 pp.90-10

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SIBERIAN FIR POLLEN IN MONGOLIA

Until now, a comprehensive study on the habitat, morphology, biology and ecology of Siberian fir, on extension of natural forest ranges, promotion of non-native plantations, propagation by seeds in arboretums, also on planting Siberian firs for forestry and horticulture has not been undertaken in Mongolia. Thus, this study is considered essential and important nowadays.The study aims to analyze morphological features of pollen of Siberian fir in mountain plantations of Mongolia. In this respect, qualitative and quantitative parameters that are most typical for this type have been examined. Also, variations of Siberian fir pollen that are most valuable for the forestry have been identified.We have investigated pollen morphological characteristics in respect to their shape, size, whereas apertures were examined in terms of outer wall or exine composition and modification according to the methodology of Kupriyanova, Alyoshina (1972, 1978, 1983), Sladkov (1967), T.N.Nekrasova (1983), R.G.Kurmanov, A.R.Ishbridin (2013), M.O.Oshurkova (2014), S.Jamyansuren (2012) and Mamayev (1972). 96 pollen grains were collected for three repeated testing with 32 pollens per each repeat. “CG Performance [768X576]” program was used to capture pollen images, and J.MIVNT Micro-Image Analysis system, WV-CP240EXCH camera, XSP-8CA microscope, as well as Excel-2010 and IBM SPSS statistics-21 programs - for measuring pollen grain sizes.A comparative study of coefficient of variation values according to the method of Russian scholar A.S.Mamayev (1972) demonstrates that pollen and pollen body length and width have the lowest level of variation, while air sac length and width are classified as with low variation. Coefficient variation indicators of pollen grain, pollen body and air sac length and width are compared to the study results of Russian scholar E.B.Bajina (2005). It is defined that morphological characteristics of Siberian firs growing in elevated forest regions (body height - 49.8 mcm, body length - 34.5 mcm) and at riverbanks (body height - 52.2 mcm, body length – 37.1 mcm) vary.In the future, there is a need in the cariological and molecular genetic study of Siberian fir in Mongolia.Until now, a comprehensive study on the habitat, morphology, biology and ecology of Siberian fir, on extension of natural forest ranges, promotion of non-native plantations, propagation by seeds in arboretums, also on planting Siberian firs for forestry and horticulture has not been undertaken in Mongolia. Thus, this study is considered essential and important nowadays.The study aims to analyze morphological features of pollen of Siberian fir in mountain plantations of Mongolia. In this respect, qualitative and quantitative parameters that are most typical for this type have been examined. Also, variations of Siberian fir pollen that are most valuable for the forestry have been identified.We have investigated pollen morphological characteristics in respect to their shape, size, whereas apertures were examined in terms of outer wall or exine composition and modification according to the methodology of Kupriyanova, Alyoshina (1972, 1978, 1983), Sladkov (1967), T.N.Nekrasova (1983), R.G.Kurmanov, A.R.Ishbridin (2013), M.O.Oshurkova (2014), S.Jamyansuren (2012) and Mamayev (1972). 96 pollen grains were collected for three repeated testing with 32 pollens per each repeat. “CG Performance [768X576]” program was used to capture pollen images, and J.MIVNT Micro-Image Analysis system, WV-CP240EXCH camera, XSP-8CA microscope, as well as Excel-2010 and IBM SPSS statistics-21 programs - for measuring pollen grain sizes.A comparative study of coefficient of variation values according to the method of Russian scholar A.S.Mamayev (1972) demonstrates that pollen and pollen body length and width have the lowest level of variation, while air sac length and width are classified as with low variation. Coefficient variation indicators of pollen grain, pollen body and air sac length and width are compared to the study results of Russian scholar E.B.Bajina (2005). It is defined that morphological characteristics of Siberian firs growing in elevated forest regions (body height - 49.8 mcm, body length - 34.5 mcm) and at riverbanks (body height - 52.2 mcm, body length – 37.1 mcm) vary.In the future, there is a need in the cariological and molecular genetic study of Siberian fir in Mongolia

Separation of medical nanopowder from the natural minerals by supercritical CO2

Nano-sized medical raw material has been derived from the medical quality natural spar (CaCO3) without the use of chemical salt. The theoretical base of the method consists in the transferring and keeping CO2 to a supercritical state during thermo-chemical processing of the spar at 900-950°C. The supercritical CO2 has a form of solid solution that holds the properties of both gas and solid. Afterwards, with dissolving it in the animal milk, the solution is equalized by the sovent’s expansion with the decrease of temperature and creates amorphous crystal nanopowder. The size of the resultant product was determined both by XRD and TEM analysis as to be 13.51 nm (Lu »13.09 nm). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v14i0.202 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 14 (40), 2013, p66-7

Taking into consideration traditional gender norms and stereotypes in gender inequality and women’s political participation in Mongolia

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SMALL-SCALE, WOOD BASED PROCESSING ENTERPRISES; THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACT ON PEOPLE OF AKURE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ONDO STATE

A survey was conducted in Akure Local Government Area of Ondo State to give preliminary information on the magnitude, characteristics and contribution to rural employment of small-scale, wood-based processing enterprises through structured questionnaire. Small scale, wood based enterprise accounts for about 44% of the total rural labour force. The enterprises are characterized by very small size, heavy reliance on entrepreneur and family labour, technological simplicity of operations and rural location bias. Furniture, logging and carpentry were found to be the commonest among the small scale, wood-based enterprises. A range of problems facing small scale, wood-based enterprises was identified and a number of solutions were suggested. It was recommended that there should be removal of various discrimination through policies which might go a long way to ensuring a healthier small-scale, enterprise growth, reduction or removal of subsidies and other privileges currently offered the large enterprises rather than extending these support and incentives to small ones, a number of specific policy changes to increase access to market, reduce raw material and financial problems should be effected, and small-scale enterprise should be organized into groupings so as to benefit from policy changes.small-scale, wood-based, enterprises, impact, Agribusiness,

STUDY ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE EVALUATION STANDARDS

There are several evaluation standards to assess English levels. Through this article, we consider the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) as an important tool. We aimed to reveal the evaluation standards used in universities and English language training courses in our country and to clarify how the standard tolerates internationally accepted English language evaluation standards. Within the scope of this goal, 27 teachers who teach English in universities and colleges in Mongolia, 22 teachers of English language training centers (general informants), and 656 students who study English in 21 universities and colleges in Mongolia (casual informants) were randomly selected and a survey with 3 groups of 24 questions was conducted over 2 months using Google Form, and the collected results were processed and compared using SPSS program.96.3% of the teachers of universities and colleges evaluate the English course on a 100-point scale. 55.5% of them agreed that the future use of CEFR assessment standards would provide a more objective assessment of students' language levels. According to the responses of training center teachers, 68.2% of the participating training center teachers evaluate the student's language level according to the CEFR standard, which shows that they use an internationally recognized evaluation method. In this regard, 42.7% of the 656 students who participated in the study agreed that the CEFR assessment standard, rather than the 100-point scale, could fully reflect their language level internationally in the future, which was in line with the researchers' hypothesis

Green human resouce management: a Theoretical review

In the 21st century, environmental issues, such as climate change, global warming, and air pollution have become a hot topic in many developed and developing countries. At the same time, the proper use of natural resources and the conservation of the environment has become one of the vital issues. Environmental issues require special attention from governments, scientists, scholars, business executives, and even individuals. Therefore, for any business organization, there is a growing need to integrate environmental management into human resource management, which has been coined as the Green Human Resource Management (GHRM). Researchers have found that the implementation of GHRM policies and practices could effectively improve financial and environmental performance of organizations, improve their competitive advantage, as well as improve their reputation and image, while maintaining environmental management practices. However, it is being maintained that the term “GHRM” is a relatively new concept for academicians, scholars，and professionals. GRHM-related literature is generally found in western countries, however the concept of GHRM is yet to make its mark in Asia. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore the concept of GHRM and to propose a model of GHRM and its outcome by reviewing the literature

Demand and market pattern of selected medicinal plants in the southwestern Nigeria

Demand and market pattern of Aframomum melegueta K. Schum, Garcina kola Heckel, Senna alata (L.) Roxb., Tetrapleura tetrapetra (Schum & Thonn) Taub., and Piper guineense Thonn & Schum for medicinal purposes were carried out among the states in the south-western part of Nigeria with the study area comprising of Oyo, Ekiti and Ogun states. The population consisted mainly of Yoruba but mixed with other ethnic groups and foreigners who have settled down especially in the state capitals. Primary data were collected through a survey of the medicinal plants in the study area. Structured questionnaires were administered using the participatory method with the buyers and suppliers of the products. The result of the study showed that majority of the respondents (64.79%) prefer daily market to other marketing patterns and over 80% of them offered all plant parts for sale. It was also discovered that the parts of medicinal plants sold depended on location.Keywords: Demand, Market pattern, Medicinal plant

Inhibitory Effect of Leaf Extract and Leaf Mulch from Selected Tree Species on Physiology of Millet Under Nursery Condition

Inhibition of plant residues may release secondary metabolites that can favourably or adversely affects other plants. The overall objective of these study is to determine whether the leaf extract and decomposition products of leaf mulch of Acacia auriculiformis, Eucalyptus citriodora and Gliricidia sepium contain allelochemicals that are inhibitory to the physiology of millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). In a pot experiment, application of leaf extract depressed the dry weight of millet seedlings relative to the control with the observed phytotoxic interference not increasing with extract concentration except for Eucalyptus and Gliricidia extracts. The results also showed that in terms of duration, the inhibitory effect waned with time and was more pronounced at two weeks after application than at six weeks. It is evident from the results that the severity and persistence of the inhibitory effect of the extracts was in the order: Gliricidia > Eucalyptus > Acacia. The results of pot experiment also showed that there were difference between extract and mulch in their inhibitory effects as phytotoxic interference occurred earlier in pots that received extract solution compared to mulched pots. In contrast to results obtained when extracts were added, high rates of mulch application did not interfere to reduce dry weight but increased it relative to control. The present results demonstrate appreciable and varying degree of phytotoxity exhibited by the mulch species of millet plant through inhibition of its physiological processes such as seed germination, chlorophyll formation and growth. Keywords: Inhibition, Tree species, Physiology and Millet Plan