Institutions and labor market outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa

The authors use firm-level surveydata from the manufacturing sector in 20 Sub-Saharan African countries to explore the links between labor market regulations and net job creation. A first look at firm characteristics, perceptions, and the dynamics of employment at the firm level suggests that labor regulations are not the main"binding constraint"on job creation. Other issues seem more important at this level of development. The analysis estimates the determinants of net job creation incorporating the legal origin of the country as a proxy for regulation. The findings show that, after controlling for other firm-level characteristics, legal origin is uncorrelated with net job creation in the short run.Labor Markets,Labor Policies,Microfinance,Banks&Banking Reform,Labor Management and Relations

Who Benefit from Cash and Food-for-Work Programs in Post-Earthquake Haiti?

In this paper, a unique post-earthquake survey designed to provide a rapid assessment of food insecurity in Haiti is used in order to address the question of whether cash and food-for-work (C/FfW) programs are allocated adequately in Haiti. We consider that the allocation principle should meet two main criteria. First, C/FfW programs should be targeted towards people who are in the most necessitous circumstances (i.e., poor and food insecure people). Second, these programs should be targeted at the most vulnerable people on the labor market. Modelling the impact of various covariates on C/FfW programs participation, we find that these programs are not specifically targeted at people who are most in need, be it because of their low level of subsistence or because of earthquakerelated losses. Pre-earthquake participation to programs appears to be an important determinant of post-earthquake participation. What is more, cash-forwork is very rarely declared as the main source of household income. So, a more efficient targeting of these programs should focus on reaching the poorest and most vulnerable households in the directly affected areas. Crowding out effect of temporary jobs should also be assessed on the labor market.Cash and Food for Work; Targeting; Livelihood; Earthquake; Natural Disaster; Haiti

Regulation and macroeconomic performance

Regulation is purportedly enacted to serve specific social purposes. In reality, however, it follows a more complex political economy process, where legitimate social goals are mixed with the objectives of particular interest groups. Whatever its justification and objectives, regulation can have potentially significant macroeconomic consequences, by helping or hampering the dynamics of economic restructuring and resource reallocation that underlie the growth process. This paper provides an empirical analysis of the macroeconomic impact of regulation. It first characterizes the stylized facts on regulation across the world, using a set of newly constructed, comprehensive indicators of regulation in a large number of countries in the 1990s. Using these indicators, the paper studies the effects of regulation on economic growth and macroeconomic volatility employing cross-country regression analysis. In particular, the paper considers whether the effects of regulation are affected by the country's level of institutional development. Finally, the analysis controls for the likely endogeneity of regulation with respect to macroeconomic performance. The paper concludes that a heavier regulatory burden reduces growth and increases volatility, although these effects are smaller the higher the quality of the overall institutional framework.Public&Municipal Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Financial Intermediation,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Governance Indicators,National Governance,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Financial Intermediation

The impact of regulation on growth and informality - cross-country evidence

The authors study the effects of regulation on economic growth and the relative size of the informal sector in a large sample of industrial and developing countries. Along with firm dynamics, informality is an important channel through which regulation affects macroeconomic performance and economic growth in particular. The authors conclude that a heavier regulatory burden-particularly in product and labor markets-reduces growth and induces informality. These effects are, however, mitigated as the overall institutional framework improves.Governance Indicators,National Governance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Financial Intermediation

The alkaline transition of cytochrome c revisited: Effects of electrostatic interactions and tyrosine nitration on the reaction dynamics

Here we investigated the effect of electrostatic interactions and of protein tyrosine nitration of mammalian cytochrome c on the dynamics of the so-called alkaline transition, a pH- and redox-triggered conformational change that implies replacement of the axial ligand Met80 by a Lys residue. Using a combination of electrochemical, time-resolved SERR spectroelectrochemical experiments and molecular dynamics simulations we showed that in all cases the reaction can be described in terms of a two steps minimal reaction mechanism consisting of deprotonation of a triggering group followed by ligand exchange. The pK a alk values of the transition are strongly modulated by these perturbations, with a drastic downshift upon nitration and an important upshift upon establishing electrostatic interactions with a negatively charged model surface. The value of pK a alk is determined by the interplay between the acidity of a triggering group and the kinetic constants for the forward and backward ligand exchange processes. Nitration of Tyr74 results in a change of the triggering group from Lys73 in WT Cyt to Tyr74 in the nitrated protein, which dominates the pK a alk downshift towards physiological values. Electrostatic interactions, on the other hand, result in strong acceleration of the backward ligand exchange reaction, which dominates the pK a alk upshift. The different physicochemical conditions found here to influence pK a alk are expected to vary depending on cellular conditions and subcellular localization of the protein, thus determining the existence of alternative conformations of Cyt in vivo.Fil: Oviedo Rouco, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía; ArgentinaFil: Castro, Maria Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía; ArgentinaFil: Álvarez Paggi, Damián Jorge. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía; ArgentinaFil: Spedalieri, Ana Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía; ArgentinaFil: Tortora, Verónica. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Tomasina, Florencia. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Radi, Rafael. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Murgida, Daniel Horacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía; Argentin

Mortalidad materna en México

contiene cuadros e imágenesLa organización del presente trabajo de investigación se conformo en el capítulo 1 la mortalidad materna, en el capítulo 2 integra las principales complicaciones de la muerte materna en nuestro país, el capítulo 3 se compone de la Legislación en materia de salud como: Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-007-SSA2-2010, Para la atención de la mujer durante el embarazo, parto y puerperio, y del recién nacido, Ley General de Salud y artículo 3° constitucional y otros Programas como Arranque Parejo en la Vida, Embarazo Saludable y el actual. Por último en el Capítulo 4 integra las intervenciones de Enfermería antes del embarazo y durante embarazo para la atención del embarazo sano o complicado, para implementar la atención de la urgencia y complicación obstétrica para ir contemplando la reducción del objetivo del milenio

1949 Commencement Program

Itinerary and list of graduates for the 1949 commencement. Address given by Reverend Dr. John Newton Thoma

Un problema motivador para un trabajo interdisciplinario en matemática y física

El trabajo interdisciplinario, cuando es posible, juega un papel importante en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de las ciencias en los tres niveles de la educación argentina. En la actualidad se ha revalorizado la planificación de las tareas de investigación y resolución de problemas (Gil,D.,et al., 1991), de modo que cuando se planifica una unidad didáctica se deben integrar los conocimientos científicos, didácticos y la experiencia práctica, y se deben tomar en cuenta la estructura cognitiva y las concepciones de los alumnos a quienes va dirigida. Esta propuesta es un trabajo interdisciplinario entre la Matemática y la Física, que surge teniendo en cuenta dichas tendencias. Además no debe olvidarse que en un principio la Física se mostraba indistinguible de la Matemática y que los mayores avances matemáticos surgieron a partir de problemas relacionados con la Física

Análise dos processos de integração interfuncional em organizações orientadas para o mercado : um estudo na Costa Rica e no Brasil

Market orientation is a strategic perspective looking for knowledge generation and dissemination about context, to satisfy market needs. This market needs satisfaction must be searched through responsive strategies, involving the participation of several functions and hierarchical levels for the generation of market intelligence. Hence, market orientation occurs through interfunctional processes looking for attending market needs through information obtained from: competitors, consumers, customers, shoppers and suppliers. On the other hand interfunctional integration is about the efforts and tasks with active participation of many functions or departments of an organization, looking for the generations of improving results through perceptions union with formal and informal integration factors. Literature shows interfunctional integration as an antecedent for market orientation, and a list of nine market oriented integration factors. Nevertheless, these studies do not show how interfunctional integration is operationalized in the organizations in order to achieve market orientation. This research has the objective of analyzing how interfunctional integration process helps organizations to adopt market orientation strategies, on the Latin American Foods Industrial Sector. To do this, a Multi-Case study was conducted in Costa Rica and Brazil, with two market oriented firms. A total of 24 in depth interviews were realized between June and October 2016, with managers and supervisors from diverse departments such as marketing, commercial, logistics, finance and human resources. Moreover, for triangulation, integration level of the organizations was evaluated though a quantitative scale. Results show that both organizations have market oriented integration processes, as contact points involving more than three departments, to improve responsiveness. These processes are: innovation launch, products and service delivery, claims solution and innovation and improvements projects for a stronger market orientation. These processes require integration factors to help the achievement of results related to market orientation: responsiveness, market intelligence dissemination and customer satisfaction. Seven theoretical propositions are presented, with the aim of increasing elements to the knowledge of the operationalization of market orientation on organizations, through interfunctional integration.Dissertação (Mestrado)A Orientação para o Mercado é uma perspectiva estratégica que preza a geração e a disseminação de conhecimento sobre o entorno para satisfazer as necessidades do mercado. Essa satisfação de necessidades de mercado deve ser buscada por meio de estratégias responsivas, que envolvam a participação de diversas funções e níveis organizacionais para geração da inteligência de mercado. Desta forma, a Orientação para o Mercado acontece por uma série de processos interfuncionais que buscam atender às necessidades do mercado, a partir de informações geradas por seus atores: clientes, concorrentes, consumidores, compradores, fornecedores. A Integração Interfuncional, por sua parte, são os esforços e trabalhos nos quais há participação ativa de várias funções ou departamentos de uma organização, buscando gerar melhores resultados a partir da união de percepções, por meio de fatores formais e informais. A literatura apresenta a Integração Interfuncional como um antecedente da Orientação para o Mercado, e uma lista de nove fatores de integração orientados para o mercado. Não obstante, esses estudos não mostram a forma como a Integração Interfuncional é operacionalizada para que as organizações consigam ser orientadas para o mercado. Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar como o processo de integração interfuncional contribui para que as organizações consigam adotar estratégias de Orientação para o Mercado no contexto industrial de alimentos Latino Americano. Para isto, um estudo multicaso foi realizado na Costa Rica e no Brasil, com duas organizações orientadas para o mercado do setor de alimentos e bebidas. Entre junho e outubro de 2016, foram realizadas 24 entrevistas semiestruturadas com gerentes, líderes e supervisores dos departamentos de: marketing, comercial, logística, produção, planejamento, finanças, compras, recursos humanos. Além disso, com o intuito de triangular os dados, foi utilizada uma escala quantitativa para medir o nível de integração interfuncional nos processos estudados de cada organização. Os resultados mostraram que nas organizações são realizados processos de integração orientados para o mercado, isto é, pontos de contato que envolvem mais de duas ou três departamentos na organização com o intuito de melhorar a resposta que a organização oferece ao mercado. Estes processos são: Entrega de produtos e serviço, Lançamento de inovações, Solução de reclamações e projetos de inovação e melhoria interna para o fortalecimento da Orientação para o Mercado. Estes processos precisam de fatores de integração que facilitam o alcance de resultados relacionados à orientação para o mercado, como: responsividade, disseminação de conhecimento de mercado e satisfação do cliente. São apresentadas sete proposições teóricas geradas a partir desta pesquisa, com o intuito de acrescentar elementos ao conhecimento da operacionalização da Orientação para o Mercado dentro das organizações, por meio da Integração Interfuncional

Association rules implementation for affinity analysis between elements composing multimedia objects

The multimedia objects are a constantly growing resource in the world wide web, consequently it has generated as a necessity the design of methods and tools that allow to obtain new knowledge from the information analyzed. Association rules are a technique of Data Mining, whose purpose is to search for correlations between elements of a collection of data (data) as support for decision making from the identification and analysis of these correlations. Using algorithms such as: A priori, Frequent Parent Growth, QFP Algorithm, CBA, CMAR, CPAR, among others. On the other hand, multimedia applications today require the processing of unstructured data provided by multimedia objects, which are made up of text, images, audio and videos. For the storage, processing and management of multimedia objects, solutions have been generated that allow efficient search of data of interest to the end user, considering that the semantics of a multimedia object must be expressed by all the elements that composed of. In this article an analysis of the state of the art in relation to the implementation of the Association Rules in the processing of Multimedia objects is made, in addition the analysis of the consulted literature allows to generate questions about the possibility of generating a method of association rules for the analysis of these objects.Universidad de la Costa, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana