Air pollution exposure and risk of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes among women with type 1 diabetes

Aims/Hypothesis: Women with type 1 diabetes have increased risk for poor obstetric outcomes. Prenatal air pollution exposure is also associated with adverse outcomes for women and infants. We examined whether women with type 1 diabetes are more vulnerable than other women to pollution-associated risks during pregnancy. Methods: In singleton deliveries from the Consortium on Safe Labor (2002-2008), obstetric and neonatal outcomes were compared for women with type 1 diabetes (n=507) and women without autoimmune disease (n=204,384). Preconception, trimester, and whole pregnancy average air pollutant exposure (ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter \u3e10 microns (PM10), PM \u3e2.5 microns (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx)) were estimated using modified Community Multiscale Air Quality models. Poisson regression models with diabetes*pollutant interaction terms estimated relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for adverse outcomes, adjusted for maternal characteristics and geographic region. Results: For whole pregnancy exposure to SO2, women with type 1 diabetes had 15% increased risk (RR:1.15 95%CI:1.01,1.31) and women without autoimmune disease had 5% increased risk (RR:1.05 95%CI:1.05,1.06) for small for gestational age birth (pinteraction=0.09). Additionally, whole pregnancy O3 exposure was associated with 10% increased risk (RR:1.10 95%CI:1.02,1.17) among women with type 1 diabetes and 2% increased risk (RR:1.02 95%CI:1.00,1.04) among women without autoimmune disease for perinatal mortality (pinteraction=0.08). Similar patterns were observed between PM2.5 exposure and spontaneous preterm birth. Conclusions: Pregnant women with type 1 diabetes may be at greater risk for adverse outcomes when exposed to air pollution than women without autoimmune disease

Obstetric and neonatal complications among women with autoimmune disease

Background: The impact of autoimmune diseases on pregnancy remains understudied on a population level. Examination of obstetric and neonatal outcomes among women with autoimmune disease and their infants can provide important insights for clinical management. Methods: Autoimmune diseases and outcomes were identified using medical records. Cesarean delivery, preterm birth, preeclampsia, small for gestational age (SGA), neonatal intensive care (NICU) admission, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and perinatal mortality risk was assessed. Poisson regression with robust standard errors estimated relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with adjustment for maternal characteristics and other chronic conditions. Results: Women with T1DM were at increased risk for nearly all outcomes including RDS (RR: 3.62; 95% CI: 2.84, 4.62), perinatal mortality (RR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.12, 4.91), cesarean delivery (RR: 2.16; 95% CI: 2.02, 2.32) and preterm birth (RR: 3.52; 95% CI: 3.17, 3.91). Women with SLE also had higher risk for preterm delivery (RR: 2.90; 95% CI: 2.42, 3.48) and RDS (RR:2.99; 95% CI: 1.99, 4.51) as did women with Crohn’s (cesarean delivery RR:1.31, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.60; preterm delivery RR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.37, 2.49. RA increased risk for SGA (RR:1.66; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.55). Conclusion(s): Despite the heterogeneity in autoimmune diseases, we observed elevated preterm birth risk for most women with autoimmune disease. SLE and T1DM appeared to confer increased risk for a wide range of adverse outcomes

DNA methylation loci in placenta associated with birthweight and expression of genes relevant for early development and adult diseases

Background Birthweight marks an important milestone of health across the lifespan, including cardiometabolic disease risk in later life. The placenta, a transient organ at the maternal-fetal interface, regulates fetal growth. Identifying genetic loci where DNA methylation in placenta is associated with birthweight can unravel genomic pathways that are dysregulated in aberrant fetal growth and cardiometabolic diseases in later life. Results We performed placental epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of birthweight in an ethnic diverse cohort of pregnant women (n = 301). Methylation at 15 cytosine-(phosphate)-guanine sites (CpGs) was associated with birthweight (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05). Methylation at four (26.7%) CpG sites was associated with placental transcript levels of 15 genes (FDR < 0.05), including genes known to be associated with adult lipid traits, inflammation and oxidative stress. Increased methylation at cg06155341 was associated with higher birthweight and lower FOSL1 expression, and lower FOSL1 expression was correlated with higher birthweight. Given the role of the FOSL1 transcription factor in regulating developmental processes at the maternal-fetal interface, epigenetic mechanisms at this locus may regulate fetal development. We demonstrated trans-tissue portability of methylation at four genes (MLLT1, PDE9A, ASAP2, and SLC20A2) implicated in birthweight by a previous study in cord blood. We also found that methylation changes known to be related to maternal underweight, preeclampsia and adult type 2 diabetes were associated with lower birthweight in placenta. Conclusion We identified novel placental DNA methylation changes associated with birthweight. Placental epigenetic mechanisms may underlie dysregulated fetal development and early origins of adult cardiometabolic diseases. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT0091213

HS3ST2 expression is critical for the abnormal phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease-related tau pathology

Heparan sulphate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulphotransferase 2 (HS3ST2, also known as 3OST2) is an enzyme predominantly expressed in neurons wherein it generates rare 3-O-sulphated domains of unknown functions in heparan sulphates. in Alzheimer's disease, heparan sulphates accumulate at the intracellular level in disease neurons where they co-localize with the neurofibrillary pathology, while they persist at the neuronal cell membrane in normal brain. However, it is unknown whether HS3ST2 and its 3-O-sulphated heparan sulphate products are involved in the mechanisms leading to the abnormal phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. Here, we first measured the transcript levels of all human heparan sulphate sulphotransferases in hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease (n = 8; 76.8 +/- 3.5 years old) and found increased expression of HS3ST2 (P < 0.001) compared with control brain (n = 8; 67.8 +/- 2.9 years old). Then, to investigate whether the membrane-associated 3-O-sulphated heparan sulphates translocate to the intracellular level under pathological conditions, we used two cell models of tauopathy in neuro-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells: a tau mutation-dependent model in cells expressing human tau carrying the P-301L mutation hTau P-301L, and a tau mutation-independent model in where tau hyperphosphorylation is induced by oxidative stress. Confocal microscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and western blot analyses showed that 3-O-sulphated heparan sulphates can be internalized into cells where they interact with tau, promoting its abnormal phosphorylation, but not that of p38 or NF-kappa B p65. We showed, in vitro, that the 3-O-sulphated heparan sulphates bind to tau, but not to GSK3B, protein kinase A or protein phosphatase 2, inducing its abnormal phosphorylation. Finally, we demonstrated in a zebrafish model of tauopathy expressing the hTau P-301L, that inhibiting hs3st2 (also known as 3ost2) expression results in a strong inhibition of the abnormally phosphorylated tau epitopes in brain and in spinal cord, leading to a complete recovery of motor neuronal axons length (n = 25; P < 0.005) and of the animal motor response to touching stimuli (n = 150; P < 0.005). Our findings indicate that HS3ST2 centrally participates to the molecular mechanisms leading the abnormal phosphorylation of tau. By interacting with tau at the intracellular level, the 3-O-sulphated heparan sulphates produced by HS3ST2 might act as molecular chaperones allowing the abnormal phosphorylation of tau. We propose HS3ST2 as a novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.Association France Alzheimer & Maladies ApparenteesSATT Idf InnovCONACyT, MexicoFrench Ministry of Higher Education and ResearchInstitute de Recherche ServierUniv Paris Est, CNRS, Lab Cell Growth Tissue Repair & Regenerat CRRET, UPEC,EA 4397,ERL 9215, F-94000 Creteil, FranceUPMC, Univ Paris 04, Inst Cerveau & Moelle Epiniere, CNRS,UMR 7225,INSERM,U1127,UM75, Paris, FranceHop Robert Debre, INSERM, UMR 1141, F-75019 Paris, FranceSorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, FranceUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Aging & Neurodegenerat Dis Brain Bank Invest Lab, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilGrp Hosp Pitie Salpetriere, Biochim Malad Neurometab, F-75013 Paris, FranceRadboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, Radboud Inst Mol Life Sci, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, NetherlandsUniv Strasbourg, INSERM, U1119, FMTS, F-67000 Strasbourg, FranceUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Aging & Neurodegenerat Dis Brain Bank Invest Lab, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilCONACyT, Mexico: 308978Web of Scienc

Atypical responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with accelerated partial breast tumor-directed radiotherapy: two cases and considerations for future clinical trials

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Diagnostic tests for human and animal prion diseases

The potential existence of clinically silent cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) among cattle, and of humans incubating the new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD) is still a major public health concern. Therefore, the development of screening tests for transmissible subacute spongiform encephalopathies (TSSE) in man and animals remains a priority. In the first part of this paper, we review the main methods used to diagnose generally clinical TSSE, such as brain imaging, electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. In the second part, we present the post-mortem tests used to confirm a TSSE diagnosis, such as inoculation to laboratory animals, histological examination, and identification of abnormal prion protein (PrPres) using biochemical methods. Finally, the third part presents so-called rapid tests (Prionics, Bio-rad, Enfer), validated by the European Commission (EC) for post-slaughter BSE diagnosis in cattle. Now used on a large scale in Europe, these tests have helped assess the extent of the epizooty and eliminate from the food chain animals presenting a risk for human consumption. Since 2002, they have been used for the post-slaughter diagnosis of scrapie in small ruminants. New tests have recently been evaluated by the EC, but it is too soon to predict their role in the field.L'existence potentielle de bovins en phase de latence cliniquement silencieuse d'encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine (ESB) et d'individus en période d'incubation de la nouvelle variante de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob représente constamment un grand risque pour la santé publique. Par conséquent, le développement de tests de dépistage des encéphalopathies spongiformes subaiguës transmissibles (ESST) humaines et animales constitue toujours une priorité. Dans la première partie de cet article, sont décrites les principales méthodes d'orientation permettant d'aider au diagnostic d'une ESST le plus souvent clinique, comme l'imagerie médicale cérébrale, l'analyse de l'électroencéphalogramme (EEG) et l'examen du liquide céphalo-rachidien. Dans la deuxième partie, sont présentés les tests de confirmation post mortem du diagnostic des ESST, comme l'inoculation à l'animal de laboratoire, l'examen histologique et la recherche de la PrPres par des méthodes biochimiques. La troisième partie est consacrée aux tests dits « rapides » (Prionics, Bio-rad, Enfer), validés en 1999 par la Commission Européenne (CE), pour le diagnostic post mortem de l'ESB à l'abattoir chez les bovins. Utilisés à grande échelle en Europe, ils ont permis de préciser l'étendue réelle de l'épizootie et d'éliminer efficacement de la chaîne alimentaire les animaux présentant un risque pour l'homme. Depuis 2002, ils sont également utilisés pour le diagnostic post mortem des petits ruminants. De nouveaux tests ont été récemment évalués par la CE, mais il est trop tôt pour évaluer la place qu'ils tiendront sur le terrain

Multi-pollutant exposure profiles associated with term low birth weight in Los Angeles County

Research indicates that multiple outdoor air pollutants and adverse neighborhood conditions are spatially correlated. Yet health risks associated with concurrent exposure to air pollution mixtures and clustered neighborhood factors remain underexplored. Statistical models to assess the health effects from pollutant mixtures remain limited, due to problems of collinearity between pollutants and area-level covariates, and increases in covariate dimensionality. Here we identify pollutant exposure profiles and neighborhood contextual profiles within Los Angeles (LA) County. We then relate these profiles with term low birth weight (TLBW). We used land use regression to estimate NO2, NO, and PM2.5 concentrations averaged over census block groups to generate pollutant exposure profile clusters and census block group-level contextual profile clusters, using a Bayesian profile regression method. Pollutant profile cluster risk estimation was implemented using a multilevel hierarchical model, adjusting for individual-level covariates, contextual profile cluster random effects, and modeling of spatially structured and unstructured residual error. Our analysis found 13 clusters of pollutant exposure profiles. Correlations between study pollutants varied widely across the 13 pollutant clusters. Pollutant clusters with elevated NO2, NO, and PM2.5 concentrations exhibited increased log odds of TLBW, and those with low PM2.5, NO2, and NO concentrations showed lower log odds of TLBW. The spatial patterning of pollutant cluster effects on TLBW, combined with between-pollutant correlations within pollutant clusters, imply that traffic-related primary pollutants influence pollutant cluster TLBW risks. Furthermore, contextual clusters with the greatest log odds of TLBW had more adverse neighborhood socioeconomic, demographic, and housing conditions. Our data indicate that, while the spatial patterning of high-risk multiple pollutant clusters largely overlaps with adverse contextual neighborhood cluster, both contribute to TLBW while controlling for the other.Health Effects Institute (HEI), an organization jointly funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Assistance Award No. R-82811201

Exposition maternelle à la pollution de l’air au cours de la grossesse : caractérisation de l’exposition, de ses déterminants, et association avec la croissance fœtale dans deux cohortes complémentaires

The concept of DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease) postulates that environmental exposures during the development phase (fetal life and early life) would have major consequences on future health. The reduction in birth weight is considered both as a marker of these aggressions suffered by the fetus during pregnancy and as an indicator of the future health of the child. Epidemiological studies of air pollution effect are challenging in terms of exposure assessment to air pollutants.The general objective of this thesis is to characterize the effect of air pollutants on fetal growth by improving the characterization of exposures and the control of potential confounding biases compared to previous studies.In a first part, we studied the socio-economic determinants of exposure to ambient air pollution in the French national ELFE study including 18000 mother-child couple. Maternal exposure to fine particulate (PM2.5), PM10 and NO2 was estimated using a dispersion model which combined a fine spatial (1x1km grid) and temporal (daily data) resolution. In France, in urban areas, pregnant women in the most socially deprived neighborhoods were the most exposed to air pollution.The second part of this work focused on the characterization of the association between maternal exposure to atmospheric pollution (estimated in outdoor air) and birth weight of the child in the ELFE cohort. Once the confounding factors were taken into account using the propensity score, we highlighted a deleterious effect of exposure to particulate matters during the third trimester of pregnancy on birth weight.In a third part, we compared different approaches to assess exposure to air pollution in pregnant women, including personal measures, in 40 women from the SEPAGES-feasibility cohort. Incorporation of space-time activity only slightly modified the estimated exposure levels in outdoor air to the home address. Conversely, exposure estimates were strongly affected by the incorporation of indoor levels of air pollution or when exposures were assessed using personal dosimeters.This justified, in a fourth part, the study of the association between the exposure to air pollution estimated by personal dosimeters and the fetal growth in the SEPAGES cohort including 471 couples-child triads from the Grenoble urban areas. Personal exposures to PM2.5 (n=174, more strongly during the 1st trimester) and to NO2 (n=327, more strongly during the 3rd trimester) were associated to decreases in birth weight. Our estimates of the association with PM2.5 were stronger than estimates from the ELFE cohort.In conclusion, this work comes to reinforce the literature on the deleterious effect of air pollution on birth weight. This thesis, based on two complementary cohorts, has also illustrated the concept of the compromise between bias and variance between studies using outdoor exposure models (which could be performed on large geographical areas allowing larges sample size and exposure contrasts and with possibly confounders and high degree of exposure misclassification) and cohorts using personal dosimeters (generally conducted on small sample size, in more homogeneous population, with less confounders and better estimation of exposure to air pollution).Le concept de DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease) postule que les expositions environnementales subies durant la phase de développement (vie fœtale et premières années de la vie) ont des conséquences majeures sur la santé ultérieure. La diminution du poids de naissance est considérée à la fois comme un marqueur de ces agressions subies par le fœtus au cours de la grossesse et comme un indicateur de la santé future de l’enfant. La recherche en épidémiologie sur les effets de la pollution atmosphérique doit faire face au défi de l’évaluation de l’exposition aux polluants atmosphériques.L’objectif général de cette thèse était de caractériser l’effet des polluants atmosphériques sur la croissance fœtale, en améliorant la caractérisation des expositions et le contrôle des biais de confusion potentiels par rapport aux études antérieures.Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié les déterminants socio-économiques de l'exposition à la pollution de l’air ambiant dans l’étude nationale Française ELFE, incluant 18 000 couples mères-enfants. L'exposition maternelle aux particules fines (PM2,5), PM10 et au NO2 a été estimée à l'adresse du domicile à partir de modèles de dispersion avec des résolutions spatiale (1x1 km) et temporelle (données journalières) fines. En France, dans les zones urbaines, les femmes enceintes des quartiers les plus défavorisés étaient les plus exposées à la pollution atmosphérique.La deuxième partie de ce travail a porté sur la caractérisation de l'association entre les niveaux pollution atmosphérique dans l’air extérieur durant la grossesse et le poids de naissance de l’enfant, toujours dans la cohorte ELFE. Une fois les facteurs de confusion pris en compte à l’aide d’un score de propension, nous avons mis en évidence un effet délétère de l’exposition aux particules en suspension dans l’air au cours du troisième trimestre de grossesse sur le poids de naissance.Dans une troisième partie, nous avons comparé différentes approches pour évaluer l'exposition à la pollution atmosphérique chez la femme enceinte, incluant des mesures personnelles, chez 40 femmes de la cohorte SEPAGES-faisabilité. La considération du budget espace-temps ne modifiait que très légèrement les niveaux d’exposition estimés dans l’air extérieur à l’adresse du domicile. En revanche, l’exposition estimée était fortement modifiée par la prise en compte des niveaux de pollution atmosphérique à l’intérieur du domicile, ou quand l’exposition était l’estimée à l’aide de dosimètres personnels.Ceci a justifié, dans une quatrième partie, d’étudier l'association entre l’exposition à la pollution atmosphérique estimée à l'aide de mesures personnelles et le développement du fœtus dans la cohorte grenobloise SEPAGES, incluant 471 triades couples-enfant. L’exposition personnelle aux PM2,5 (n=174, plus nettement au 1er trimestre) et au NO2 (n=327, plus nettement au 3ème trimestre) étaient associées à une diminution du poids de naissance. L’estimation ponctuelle de l’association avec les PM2,5 était bien plus forte que dans la cohorte ELFE.En conclusion, ce travail vient renforcer la littérature sur l’effet délétère de la pollution atmosphérique sur le poids de naissance. Cette thèse, basée sur deux cohortes complémentaires, a également permis d’illustrer le compromis entre biais et variance entre les études s’appuyant sur des modèles d’exposition extérieurs (pouvant être réalisées sur de vastes zones géographiques permettant des effectifs et contrastes d’exposition larges et avec potentiellement des biais de confusion et d’erreur de mesure sur l’exposition importants) et les cohortes s’appuyant sur des dosimètres personnels (généralement conduites sur des zones plus limitées, dans une population plus homogène, avec moins de biais de confusion potentiels et une meilleure estimation de l’exposition)