Dépendance alimentaire : examen de la mesure et du construit au sein d'un échantillon souffrant d'obésité sévère

Le statut de l’obésité a progressé au cours des dernières décennies à un niveau épidémique, exposant de plus en plus d’individus à diverses complications physiques et psychologiques. Dans un effort de mieux comprendre l’étiologie de cette condition, le construit de la dépendance alimentaire (DA) a été mis de l’avant pour représenter un ensemble de comportements alimentaires problématiques. Ce construit a subséquemment été opérationnalisé grâce au développement du Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), un questionnaire basé sur les sept critères diagnostiques de la dépendance aux substances et qui permet d’obtenir un indice de sévérité (nombre des critères endossés) ou un diagnostic de DA (au moins trois critères endossés, en plus du critère évaluant la détresse cliniquement significative et/ou l’altération du fonctionnement). Le présent projet de recherche avait pour objectif principal de poursuivre l’exploration du construit de la DA auprès d’individus qui souffrent d’obésité sévère et qui sont en attente d’une chirurgie bariatrique. Un volet « mesure et évaluation » visait à valider la version française du YFAS et à investiguer le rôle du critère de détresse/dysfonctionnement dans l’établissement d’un diagnostic de DA, alors qu’un volet « descriptif » visait à comparer des individus qui souffrent de DA à des individus qui n’en souffrent pas sur la base de divers mécanismes et traits de personnalité et à explorer un possible facteur de risque dans le cadre de la DA, soit le stress tel que reflété par l’hormone cortisol. Pour ce faire, 146 individus (34 hommes et 112 femmes) présentant un âge moyen de 39,8 ans et un indice de masse corporelle moyen de 48,29 kg/m² ont été recrutés à l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec et invités à remplir des questionnaires. Les résultats démontrent que la version française du YFAS présente de bonnes qualités psychométriques (structure à un facteur, excellent consistance interne, validité de construit satisfaisante) lorsqu’utilisée auprès d’un échantillon clinique, mais nécessite l’élimination de six items problématiques. Les résultats indiquent également que le critère de détresse/dysfonctionnement joue un rôle-pivot dans l’établissement d’un diagnostic de DA, comme 35 % du présent échantillon présentent une symptomatologie propre à la DA mais seulement 16 % répondent à ce critère et donc remplissent un diagnostic. En somme, les résultats de ce premier volet portent à croire que la DA est une problématique présente en contexte bariatrique. Bien que la version validée du YFAS puisse servir à son dépistage, il demeure important d’interpréter adéquatement les données issues de ce questionnaire afin d’identifier les individus qui pourraient bénéficier d’interventions psychologiques supplémentaires. De plus, les résultats montrent que les participants avec DA présentent davantage de difficultés à réguler leurs émotions, une plus grande tendance à éviter le danger et une moins grande autodétermination lorsque comparés aux participants sans DA. Il a aussi été observé que les difficultés à réguler les émotions est un médiateur significatif de l’association entre l’évitement du danger et le nombre de critères de DA endossés, alors que la sensibilité à la récompense est un médiateur significatif de l’association entre l’autodétermination et le nombre de critères de DA endossés. Enfin, les résultats ne démontrent aucune différence entre les participants avec et sans DA en ce qui concerne la sécrétion de l’hormone cortisol, mais indiquent que la DA est un modérateur significatif de l’association entre la sécrétion de l’hormone cortisol et les envies alimentaires intenses. Ainsi, le deuxième volet laisse entrevoir que certains mécanismes et traits de personnalité spécifiques sous-tendent un diagnostic de DA chez des candidats bariatriques et que deux voies de vulnérabilité peuvent amener un individu à présenter une symptomatologie de DA, soit une voie liée aux affects négatifs (grand évitement du danger et difficultés élevées à réguler les émotions) et une voie liée aux récompenses immédiates (faible autodétermination et sensibilité à la récompense accrue). Ce deuxième volet laisse également supposer que la DA pourrait influencer les relations qui existent entre la sécrétion de l’hormone cortisol et certains comportements alimentaires problématiques, quoique cette hypothèse demeure provisoire. Dans leur ensemble, les résultats issus de la présente thèse constituent une niche fertile d’informations qui pourront servir à mieux orienter la prévention et le traitement des comportements alimentaires problématiques en contexte bariatrique, permettant possiblement le maintien des effets de la chirurgie bariatrique à plus long terme.The state of obesity has progressed throughout the last decades to an epidemic level, exposing more and more individuals to various physical and psychological complications. In an effort to better understand the aetiology of this condition, the concept of food addiction (FA) was put forward to characterize a set of problematic eating behaviours. This concept was subsequently operationalized with the development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), a questionnaire based on the seven substance dependence diagnostic criteria which can lead to a severity score (number of criteria endorsed) or a FA diagnostic (at least three criteria endorsed, in addition to the clinically significant distress/functional impairment criterion). The main purpose of the current research project was to further examine the concept of FA among individuals suffering from severe obesity and awaiting bariatric surgery. A « measurement and evaluation » section aimed to validate the French version of the YFAS and to investigate the role of the distress/impairment criterion in the establishment of a FA diagnostic, while a « descriptive » section aimed to compare individuals who suffer from FA from individuals who are free of FA in terms of various mechanisms and personality traits and to explore a possible risk factor in the context of DA, namely stress as reflected by the hormone cortisol. To do so, 146 individuals (34 men and 112 women) presenting a mean age of 39.8 years and a mean body mass index of 48.29 kg/m² were recruited at the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute and invited to complete questionnaires. Results show that the psychometric properties of the French YFAS were adequate (one-factor structure, excellent internal consistency, and satisfying construct validity) when used in a clinical sample, even though six problematic items had to be removed. Results also indicate that the distress/impairment criterion play a pivotal role in the establishment of a FA diagnostic, as 35% of the present sample exhibited FA symptomatology but only 16% endorsed this criterion and thus fulfilled a diagnostic. In sum, results from this first section support the idea that FA is an existing problem in bariatric context. While the validated YFAS can be used for screening, it remains important to adequately interpret data obtained with this questionnaire in order to identify individuals who would benefit from additional psychological interventions. Furthermore, results indicate that participants with FA reported more difficulties in emotion regulation, a higher tendency toward harm avoidance, and a lower self-directedness when compared with participants without FA. It was also observed that difficulties in emotion regulation is a significant mediator of the association between harm avoidance and the number of FA criteria endorsed, while reward sensitivity is a significant mediator of the association between self-directedness and the number of FA criteria endorsed. Lastly, results show no difference between participants with and without FA in terms of cortisol secretion, but allow the observation that FA is a significant moderator of the association between cortisol secretion and food cravings. Therefore, this second section highlights the fact that specific mechanisms and personality traits underlie a FA diagnostic among bariatric candidates and that two vulnerable paths can lead an individual to develop/maintain FA symptomatology, namely a path related to negative affect (high harm avoidance and great difficulties in emotion regulation) and a path related to immediate rewards (low self-directedness and heightened reward sensitivity). This second section also points to the idea that FA could influence the existing relationships between cortisol secretion and certain problematic eating behaviours, although this idea remains tentative. Altogether, the results of this thesis represent a unique source of information that can be used to better guide the prevention and treatment of problematic eating behaviours in the bariatric context, thus possibly allowing the effects of the surgical intervention to be more sustainable

F.A.R.O.G. FORUM, Vol. 2 No. 7

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/francoamericain_forum/1007/thumbnail.jp

Le FORUM, Vol. 39 No. 3

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/francoamericain_forum/1046/thumbnail.jp

Predicting intention to treat HIV-infected patients among Tanzanian and Sudanese medical and dental students using the theory of planned behaviour - a cross sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The HIV epidemic poses significant challenges to the low income countries in sub Saharan Africa (SSA), affecting the attrition rate among health care workers, their level of motivation, and absenteeism from work. Little is known about how to deal with deterioration of human resources in the health care systems. This study aimed to predict the intention to provide surgical treatment to HIV infected patients among medical- and dental students in Tanzania and Sudan using an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Four hundred and seventy five medical- and dental students at the University of Dar es Salaam (mean age, 25 yr) and 642 dental students attending 6 public and private dental faculties in Khartoum (mean age 21.7 yr) completed self-administered TPB questionnaires in 2005 and 2007, respectively.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Both Tanzanian and Sudanese students demonstrated strong intentions to provide care for people with HIV and AIDS. Stepwise linear regression revealed that the TPB accounted for 51% (43% in Tanzania and Sudan) of the variance in intention across study sites. After having controlled for country and past behaviour, the TPB in terms of attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control accounted for 34% and moral norms for an additional 2,3% of the explainable variance in intention. Across both study sites, attitudes were the strongest predictor of intention followed in descending order by subjective norms, moral norms and perceived behavioural control.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The TPB is applicable to students' care delivery intentions in the context of HIV and AIDS across the two SSA countries investigated. It is suggested that attitudes, subjective norms, moral norms and perceived behavioural control are key factors in students' willingness to treat AIDS and HIV infected patients and should be targets of interventions aimed at improving the quality of health care delivery in this context.</p

Involvement in surface antigen expression by a moonlighting FG-repeat nucleoporin in trypanosomes

Components of the nuclear periphery coordinate a multitude of activities, including macromolecular transport, cell-cycle progression, and chromatin organization. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport, mRNA processing, and transcriptional regulation, and NPC components can define regions of high transcriptional activity in some organisms at the nuclear periphery and nucleoplasm. Lineage-specific features underpin several core nuclear functions and in trypanosomatids, which branched very early from other eukaryotes, unique protein components constitute the lamina, kinetochores, and parts of the NPCs. Here we describe a phenylalanine-glycine (FG)-repeat nucleoporin, TbNup53b, that has dual localizations within the nucleoplasm and NPC. In addition to association with nucleoporins, TbNup53b interacts with a known trans-splicing component, TSR1, and has a role in controlling expression of surface proteins including the nucleolar periphery-located, procyclin genes. Significantly, while several nucleoporins are implicated in intranuclear transcriptional regulation in metazoa, TbNup53b appears orthologous to components of the yeast/human Nup49/Nup58 complex, for which no transcriptional functions are known. These data suggest that FG-Nups are frequently co-opted to transcriptional functions during evolution and extend the presence of FG-repeat nucleoporin control of gene expression to trypanosomes, suggesting that this is a widespread and ancient eukaryotic feature, as well as underscoring once more flexibility within nucleoporin function

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Alteridad, etnicidad y racismo en la búsqueda de orígenes de personas adoptadas. El caso de España

En España, la búsqueda de orígenes de las personas adoptadas, motivada por la necesidad de comunicar la historia previa a los/las menores provenientes principalmente de China, Rusia, Etiopía y Vietnam, transita entre lo biológico y lo cultural. Las adopciones internacionales introducen en el contexto de la adopción un replanteamiento de las nociones origen e identidad e incorporan las de etnicidad y raza. En este artículo, mediante el análisis crítico de discurso de un trabajo etnográfico, se subraya la importancia de repensar qué se está entendiendo por “orígenes”, tanto institucional como académicamente, y cuáles son las consecuencias —tanto teóricas como metodológicas y prácticas— de esta conceptualización en la construcción de otredad y diferencia en las personas adoptadas, en función de su procedenciaIn Spain, the search for the origins of adopted people, driven by the need to communicate the prior history of minors coming mainly from China, Russia, Ethiopia and Vietnam, moves between the biological and the cultural. International adoptions introduce a rethinking of the notions of origin and identity and incorporate those of ethnicity and race into the context of adoption. In this article, through the critical discourse analysis of an ethnographic paper, we highlight the importance of rethinking what is being understood as “origins”, both institutionally as well as academically, and what are the consequences —both theoretically as well as methodologically and practically— of this conceptualization in the construction of otherness and difference in adopted people, based on their provenance.El presente artículo se inscribe en el Proyecto I+D+i, “Menores migrantes en el arco mediterráneo: movilidad, sistemas de acogida e integración” (DER2017-89623-R), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad del Gobierno de España