Effets des Amendements Organiques sur la Gale Bactérienne et la Pourriture Apicale de la Tomate à Bobo-Dioulasso au Burkina Faso

L’étude a porté sur les effets des amendements organiques sur la gale bactérienne et la pourriture apicale de la tomate en milieu réel à l’Ouest du Burkina Faso. Un essai a été mis en place dans un dispositif en bloc de Fisher complètement randomisé. Il a comporté huit (08) traitements constitués des fertilisants organiques et minéraux tous répétés quatre (04) fois. L’incidence de la maladie et sa sévérité ont été évaluées ainsi que l’effet des traitements sur la qualité des fruits. La progression est relativement faible avec les déchets ménagers compostés associés aux engrais minéraux. La maladie est plus sévère avec les différents fertilisants pris individuellement. Dans l’ensemble, la maladie est évolutive avec tous les traitements.   The study focused on the effects of organic amendments on bacterial scab and apical rot of tomato in a real environment in western Burkina Faso. Indeed, a trial was set up in a completely randomized Fisher block design. It included eight (08) treatments consisting of organic and mineral fertilizers all repeated four (04) times. The incidence of the disease and its severity were evaluated as well as the effect of the treatments on the quality of the fruits. The disease is progressive with all treatments. However, the progression is relatively low with composted household waste associated with mineral fertilizers. The disease is more severe with the different fertilizers taken individually

Assessing the competitive ability of the invader Senna obtusifolia with coexisting natives species under different water stress regimes

Invasive species tend to pose a threat to ecosystem biodiversity, functioning, and ecosystem service provision. This study was conducted in Burkina Faso to assess the competitiveness of an invasive species Senna obtusifolia that is a less palatable legume plant in West African Sahelian rangelands. To address the research hypothesis that the recurrent drought in the Sahel results in S. obtusifolia being more competitive in the land invasion, we conducted an interspecific competition involving S. obtusifolia and 3 herbaceous species (Andropogon gayanus, Chamaecrista mimosoides, and Pennisetum pedicellatum) in a greenhouse experiment under four water stress regimes using a replacement series design. The height and biomass of each species were measured throughout four months experiment. In the severe water regime, S. obtusifolia was the most sensitive to water deficit while the 3 other species were found to be resistant. In addition, in all water regimes, the aggressivity index revealed that S. obtusifolia was less competitive than the grass species A. gayanus and P. pedicellatum. Further, the study discovered that drought in the Sahel made S. obtusifolia more vulnerable than the other species. Hence the invasion of Sahelian rangelands by S. obtusifolia could be favored by overgrazing that reduces fodder species' dominance and competitiveness. Good management of sahelian rangelands by controlling grazing could help to reduce S. obtusifolia invasion and provide more fodder for livestock

Local perceptions and ethnobotanical uses values of Senna obtusifolia, an invasive native plant species in Burkina Faso, West Africa

Invasive species are known to be a threat to agriculture and biodiversity. Thus, many studies have focused on the negative ecological impacts of invasive species, while their importance to livelihoods and human well-being has received little attention. This study aimed to explore people's ethnoecological knowledge about the invasion of Senna obtusifolia and the importance of this species in some local ethnic groups according to two climate zones in Burkina Faso. Three hundred (300) people from height (08) ethnic groups from surrounding villages of pastoral zones in two contrasting climate zones were interviewed. The survey technique was semi-structured interviews, using a previously tested semi-structured questionnaire. A GLM with the Poisson distribution was performed to determine the factors that influence the ethnoecological knowledge of people. For informants, the most important dissemination drivers are animals in the Sahelian zone and humans in the Sudanian zone. Regarding usefulness, the species is harvested by people for 08 use categories with food (100%) and construction (46%) as the most used categories. In fact, the use-value of Senna obtusifolia differed significantly among climatic zone, and ethnic groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant difference between the Mossi and Fulani of the Sahelian zone and those of the Sudanian zone was observed. This study revealed the usefulness of Senna obtusifolia for people and the findings are essential to promote species utilization, which could be considered as an adaptation strategy to the negative ecological invasion of the species. Moreover, these findings could guide the formulation of management policies and how to valorize more invasive species

Evaluation of the Nutritional and Hematological Status of Sickle Cell Children Monitored in the Pediatric Department of the University Hospital Center of Yalgado Ouedraogo

Objective: To assess the nutritional and hematological status of sickle cell children followed in the department of pediatrics of the Yalgado Ouédraogo University Hospital Centre (CHU-YO).Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from September 1, 2017, to February 28, 2018. All children with major sickle cell syndrome followed in the department of pediatrics at the CHU-YO and following their follow-up appointments were included in the study.Results: We included 230 children aged 11 months to 16 years with an average age of 8.5 years. The sex M/F ratio was 1.09. The SC heterozygotes were the most represented with 56.52%. The average hemoglobin level was 9.39 g/dl. The prevalences of wasting, stunting and underweight were respectively 23.04%, 15.65%, and 13.89%. In univariate analysis, the factors associated with emaciation was hyperleukocytosis (p=0.002).The factors associated with stunting were leukocytosis (p=0.01), severe anemia (p=0.01), SS phenotype (p=0.002), age range of 5-10 years (p=0.007), Secondary (P=0.007) and higher level (p=0.001) of father’s education, secondary (p=0.027) and higher level (p=0.034)of mothers’education , farmer(p=0.003) trader (p=0.042), and informal occupation of father (p = 0.002),and breastfeeding duration after 24 months (p=0.006). For underweight associated factors in univariate analysis were SS phenotype (p=0.003) and severe anemia (p=0.01).Conclusion: The prevalence of different types of malnutrition deficiency of sickle cell children followed at CHU-YO was high. It is important to strengthen the nutritional monitoring of children with sickle cell disease for better management of the disease

Impact of pre-analytical factors on mycobacterium cultures contaminations rates in Burkina Faso, West Africa

Introduction: for a high quality level diagnosis, mycobacterium culture must comply with the pre-analytical and analytical conditions recommended by the WHO and the country National Tuberculosis Program (NTP). In this study, we determined whether temperature and duration of sputum storage were associated with culture contamination in Burkina Faso. Methods: sputa were collected in 5 districts labs in Burkina Faso. Temperature and duration of sputum storage were recorded. After the collection, sputa were decontaminated using Petroff modified method, and the pellet was inoculated on LJ media and LJ media supply with 2% sodium pyruvate. Risk of culture contamination associated with temperature and duration of sputum storage was measured by Chi2 test and logistic regression. Results: out of 404 specimens, 61% (246/404) were stored between 2 and 8°C, and 15% (61/404) were processed within three days. The global contamination rate was 24%, with only 8% for samples respecting WHO recommendations, up to 35% for others. Storage at room temperature was associated with a significantly higher risk of contamination compared to storage at 2-8°C (OR 2.24, p=0.001, IC 95%). Conclusion: the recommendations about the temperature and the duration of sputum storage before cultures are not completely respected. This leads to high contamination rate of mycobacterium culture. It will be necessary to take logistics measures in peripherals health services or to develop more selective medium for mycobacterium culture in low income countries

Food tree species selection for nutrition-sensitive forest landscape restoration in Burkina Faso

Modern food systems push agriculture to focus on a small number of commercial crops, while there is a very large diversity of untapped edible plants that could be used to address food security and nutrition. Poor and monotonous diets are closely linked to the complex burden of multiple forms of malnutrition and dietary risk. In some contexts, such as West Africa, micronutrient deficiency risks are particularly pronounced. Hence, there is an urgent need to provide people with healthy diets supported by sustainable food systems. Within this context, using nutrition-sensitive forest landscape restoration to combat environmental degradation could contribute towards ensuring the year-round availability of nutritious tree-based food

Antibody responses to <i>P. falciparum</i> blood stage antigens and incidence of clinical malaria in children living in endemic area in Burkina Faso

Abstract Background High parasite-specific antibody levels are generally associated with low susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This has been supported by several studies in which clinical malaria cases of P. falciparum malaria were reported to be associated with low antibody avidities. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of age, malaria transmission intensity and incidence of clinical malaria in the induction of protective humoral immune response against P. falciparum malaria in children living in Burkina Faso. Methods We combined levels of IgG and IgG subclasses responses to P. falciparum antigens: Merozoite Surface Protein 3 (MSP3), Merozoite Surface Protein 2a (MSP2a), Merozoite Surface Protein 2b (MSP2b), Glutamate Rich Protein R0 (GLURP R0) and Glutamate Rich Protein R2 (GLURP R2) in plasma samples from 325 children under five (05) years with age, malaria transmission season and malaria incidence. Results We notice higher prevalence of P. falciparum infection in low transmission season compared to high malaria transmission season. While, parasite density was lower in low transmission than high transmission season. IgG against all antigens investigated increased with age. High levels of IgG and IgG subclasses to all tested antigens except for GLURP R2 were associated with the intensity of malaria transmission. IgG to MSP3, MSP2b, GLURP R2 and GLURP R0 were associated with low incidence of malaria. All IgG subclasses were associated with low incidence of P. falciparum malaria, but these associations were stronger for cytophilic IgGs. Conclusions On the basis of the data presented in this study, we conclude that the induction of humoral immune response to tested malaria antigens is related to age, transmission season level and incidence of clinical malaria

Rôle des lymphocytes Th17 et de l’inflammation dans l’épilepsie réfractaire

L'épilepsie est un trouble chronique du système nerveux central qui touche 70 millions de personnes dans le monde. Un tiers des patients souffrent d'épilepsie réfractaire (ER), caractérisée par des crises récurrentes malgré l’utilisation de médicaments antiépileptiques (MAE) appropriés. Plusieurs données soutiennent un lien biologique entre la neuroinflammation et l'épilepsie chronique. De plus, des études suggèrent que certains MAE de nouvelle génération comme le brivaracétam présentent des propriétés immunomodulatrices qui pourraient contribuer à leur bénéfice dans l’ER et d’autres pathologies neurologiques. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient tout d’abord de caractériser ex vivo le profil des cellules immunitaires périphériques, les niveaux de cytokines pro- et anti-inflammatoires et les biomarqueurs neurodégénératifs dans le sang périphérique de sujets souffrant d’épilepsie (ER vs. bien contrôlée) en comparaison à celui de donneurs sains. Par la suite, nous avons évalué l’impact du brivaracétam sur l’activation des cellules immunitaires humaines in vitro et son potentiel immunomodulateur et neuroprotecteur in vivo dans le modèle de l'encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE) active, un modèle animal de la sclérose en plaques, la pathologie inflammatoire du SNC la plus fréquente. Méthodologie : Après isolation des cellules mononucléées et du sérum à partir du sang périphérique d'adultes souffrant d'épilepsie focale et de donneurs sains, nous avons effectué des analyses par cytométrie en flux ex vivo, ELISA multiplex et technique ultrasensible de détection de biomarqueurs par technologie single molecule array (SIMOA). Nous avons comparé l'influence du brivaracétam et du lacosamide sur l'activation des cellules immunitaires périphériques humaines in vitro et in vivo dans l'EAE active induite par immunisation avec le MOG, le modèle animal le plus commun de la sclérose en plaques. Résultats : Nous avons rapporté une augmentation de la proportion des lymphocytes T CD4 dans le sang périphérique des adultes souffrant d’ER, avec une fréquence plus élevée de lymphocytes pro-inflammatoires Th17/Th1 en comparaison avec les contrôles. Nous avons également rapporté des niveaux significativement plus élevés du marqueur de lésion neuronale sNfL chez les sujets plus âgés avec l’ER par rapport aux témoins appariés pour l’âge. De plus, nous avons montré que l'administration prophylactique du brivaracétam ou du lacosamide ne retardait pas l'apparition de l'EAE mais était associée à une évolution clinique significativement moins sévère dans la phase chronique de l'EAE active chez les souris femelles C57BL/6 par rapport au contrôle (véhicule). Conclusion : Dans l'ensemble, nos données soutiennent d'une part que l’ER est associée à un profil immunitaire pro-inflammatoire des lymphocytes Th17/Th1 dans le sang périphérique et à des niveaux pathologiques de sNfL, soutenant la présence de composantes inflammatoire et neurodégénérative potentielles dans l’ER. D'autre part, les MAE de nouvelle génération (brivaracétam et lacosamide) n'altèrent pas de façon importante la réponse à l'immunisation avec le peptide MOG, mais améliorent l'évolution de l'EAE par le biais principalement de mécanismes neuroprotecteurs.Epilepsy is a chronic central nervous system condition affecting 70 million people around the world. One third of patients suffer from drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), characterized by recurrent seizures despite appropriate trials of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). Accumulating data support a biological link between neuroinflammation and chronic epilepsy. Recent studies suggest that some of the new generation AEDs, like brivaracetam, can display immunomodulatory properties that could contribute to their beneficial impact in DRE and other neurological disease. We aimed to investigate differences in immune cell populations, cytokines, and neurodegenerative biomarkers in the peripheral blood of subjects with epilepsy (DRE vs. well-controlled) compared to healthy controls and to assess the impact of brivaracétam on activation of human immune cells in vitro and its immunomodulatory and neuroprotective potential in vivo in the active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a common model of the prototypical CNS neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis. Methodology: Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum isolated from the peripheral blood of adults suffering from focal onset epilepsy and healthy donors, we performed flow cytometry analysis ex vivo, multiplex immunoassays, and ultrasensitive single molecule array. We compared the influence of brivaracetam and lacosamide on activation of human peripheral immune cells in vitro and in vivo in MOG-induced active EAE, the most common animal model of multiple sclerosis. Results: We observed an increased proportion of CD4 T cells in the peripheral blood compartment of adults suffering from DRE, with a higher frequency of proinflammatory Th17/Th1 cells compared to controls. We also reported significantly higher levels of the marker of neuronal injury sNfL in aging subjects with DRE compared to age-matched controls. Furthermore, we showed that prophylactic administration of brivaracetam or lacosamide did not delay EAE onset but was associated with a significantly less severe clinical course in the chronic phase of active EAE in C57BL/6 female mice compared to control (vehicle).Conclusions: Taken together, our data support that DRE is associated with a proinflammatory Th17/Th1 CD4 T cell immune profile in peripheral blood and pathological levels of sNfL, supporting both potential inflammatory and neurodegenerative components in DRE. On the other hand, the novel generation AEDs (brivaracetam and lacosamide) do not impair the response to immunization with MOG peptide but improve the course of EAE through mostly neuroprotective mechanisms

Resilience strategies of West African pastoralists in response to scarce forage resources

Abstract Finding sufficient natural fodder resources to feed livestock has become a challenge for herders in the Sahel zone of Burkina Faso. Despite the existence of pastoral reserves, the issue of fodder shortage remains unsolved. This article highlights the changes in behaviour and the evolution of pastoral practices caused by the scarcity of forage resources. These changes are defined and classified as resilience strategies. Thus, this paper aims to analyse these strategies using new semantics that calls for other forms of perceptions or approach to the questions of pastoralists’ resilience strategies. Interviews (semi-structured and casual conversations), ethnographic observations and ethnobotanical surveys were used to collect data. In rangelands, such high value fodder species as Andropogon gayanus, Pennisetum pedicellatum and Dactyloctenium aegyptium that were abundant herbaceous plants during the last decades are disappearing. Concomitantly, species with lower forage value, such as Senna obtusifolia, which are more resilient to ecological disturbance factors, are colonizing rangelands. Faced with these ecological changes, pastoralists are trying to redefine and reconfigure their practices, and this implies a redefinition of their identity. They use resilience strategies such as mowing grasses, building up fodder bundles, conserving crop residues, exploiting Senna obtusifolia (a previously neglected species), using woody fodder and adapting the type of livestock and the size of the herds to the ability of pastoralists to feed them. Strategies that are older than these are the integration of agriculture with livestock and decollectivized transhumance. It is these resilience strategies that this article exposes and analyses as defence mechanisms of Sahelian pastoralists in the face of the depletion of forage resources in their environments

Variability and estimating in fruiting of shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn) associated to climatic conditions in West Africa: implications for sustainable management and development

Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) is one of the main native oil plants with high economic value in Africa. Its fruits are used for food, medicinal, cultural and exportation purposes. However, the lack of efficient tools to assess annual fruit production of the species limits the sustainable management of its resources. Therefore, production statistics are useful to organize the activities of the shea sector. This study aimed to (i) assess the interannual variation in fruit production along a climatic gradient in Burkina Faso, (ii) examine fruit production patterns according to climatic zones and tree size, (iii) assess the contribution of high-yielding trees in the annual potential production and (iv) develop allometric equations for estimating fruit yields of the species. The yield of 212 trees distributed across three climatic zones was monitored over four successive years. Within each climatic zone, fruit production was significantly different among years. Fruit production was positively and significantly correlated with tree size. The interannual variation in fruit production at tree individual level was higher in drier climatic conditions. The mean interindividual synchrony was less than 50% in each zone, suggesting a large range in fruit production patterns of the species. Annually, more than 55% of the total fruit production was supported by high-yielding trees. The best regression models for estimating fruit yields had R2 values of 69–73% with prediction errors ranging from −7% to 4%. Our findings are useful tools for the planning of rational exploitation of shea tree’s resources and its sustainable management