Stability of Rock Slopes along Raidah Escarpment Road, Asir Area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The Raidah Escarpment road is located north west of Abha city, Asir region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This escarpment road represents an important corridor in the area which connects different villages and tourist resorts with each other. The total length of this road section is about 9 km which passes through a highly mountainous area. The road also passes through areas of different geological hazards (rock, debris flow, soil, and weathered zones). The different environmental factors (e.g. intensive rainy summer), variable geological and structural elements (weak rocks, slide debris weak soils, shear zones, and faults) difficult road characteristics (narrow roads with tight horizontal andvertical curvature) and various human activities in the area make the road susceptible to frequent slope failures (rockfalls, rock sliding, debris flow, soil slides, and raveling) from time to time. This paper deals with the evaluation of the stability of the rock cuts along the Raidah escarpment road using two methods including a structural controlled method and a raveling type method. Raidah escarpment rock cuts have been classified into sixty nine stations which were investigated and subsequently rated. Results of this study indicated that: (1) Based on the structiural control mode of failures, it was found that 12 stations are potentially unstable due to planar, wedge, and toppling failures, and out of them five stations have a major impact on the road in the event of failure, including stations 11, 17, 20, 31, and 40. (2) According to the Modified Colorado Rockfall hazard rating system, it was found that 13, 12, 13, 17, and 49 stations are of high, high to moderate, moderate, moderate to low, and low hazard. On the other hand, it was found that 13, 11, 11, and 69 stations have a high, high to moderate, moderate, and low impact on the road in the case of failure. (3) According to the field simulation tests it was found that 6 stations potentially show highly problems from rolling and bouncing rocks. However, out of these sites it was found that only 4 stations have a high impact on the road due to rolling and bouncing. (4) the areas that are impacted by the debris flows have been mapped and determined. Finally, different recommendations and remediation methods have been discussed to minimise the impact of problimatic sites

Long term visual outcomes in laser treated threshold retinopathy of prematurity in Central Saudi Arabia

AbstractPurposeTo assess the long term visual outcomes and refractive status of patients who underwent diode laser for threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and to investigate the risk factors leading to poor visual outcomes.MethodsFifty-seven patients (114 eyes) with threshold ROP who underwent laser therapy were contacted for reassessment. A chart review was performed for all patients to collect data on visual acuity, retinal status and strabismus. A favorable visual outcome was defined as ⩾20/160 (Snellen acuity) for young adults (cooperative patients), and ⩾CSM for children (uncooperative patients) while unfavorable visual outcome was defined as <20/160 or <CSM. Vision in uncooperative children was graded as central, steady, maintain. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted. Chi2 and odds ratios were calculated whenever appropriate. A P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultsThe mean age at reassessment was 5.2±2.5years (range, 1–10years) where 36 (63.2%) patients were males and 21 (36.8%) were females. Out Of the 114 laser treated eyes, 73 (64%) were myopic, with mean spherical equivalent (SE) of −6.69 (5.9), range (−0.25 to −21) diaopters, 8 (7%) were emmetrope, while other 33 (29%) were hyperopic with mean SE of +2.43 (3.04), range (+0.25 to +17) diaopters. Strabismus was present in 31 patients (54.4%) of whom 81% (25/31) were esotropic. Retina was found to be normal in 77.1% of the examined eyes, while the remaining eyes had either macular dragging or retinal detachment. Almost 70% of the eyes with a normal retinal examination had favorable visual outcome. Thirteen (11.4%) eyes had zone 1 retinopathy, 83 (72.8%) eyes had zone 2 retinopathy and 2 (1.8%) eyes had zone 3 retinopathy. Vitreous hemorrhage was present in 7 (6.1%) eyes prior to laser treatment. The relationship between final retinal status and visual outcome was statistically significant (P<0.0001). There was no statistically significant correlation between visual outcome and the zone of the retinopathy (P=0.448).ConclusionThe majority of patients who underwent diode laser therapy for threshold ROP had favorable anatomical and visual outcomes. However, high refractive error and strabismus may be clinically the pertinent causes of visual impairment

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a single institution’s experience

Background/purpose Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is said to be relatively common in the western world, but its incidence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is unknown. We set out to study the incidence of IHPS in children presenting at our hospital and review the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of such patients.Patients and methods A retrospective chart review of all cases with IHPS admitted to a tertiary hospital, Riyadh Military Hospital, over 18 years (1990–2008) was conducted. Diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasonography according to the length of the pyloric channel and thickness of the pyloric muscles. An analysis of demographic data, clinical presentation, diagnostic modality, and associated congenital anomalies was carried out. Operative technique, postoperative course, and complication rates were identified.Results The review of the medical records showed 22 patients with a diagnosis of IHPS. The incidence rate of IHPS was 1.4/10 000 live births. Demographically, most cases presented in the first month of life. It is more common in boys. In all, 55% of infants were first borns. Clinically, nonbilious projectile vomiting was the main symptom. Mild dehydration was found in half of the cases with alkalotic changes. Ultrasonography was the main diagnostic modality in 82% of cases. Others were diagnosed by contrast study. Open Ramstedt pyloromyotomy was the surgical approach in 20 (91%) cases and the laparoscopic approach in 2 cases (9%). Fourteen (14%) patients had an associated congenital inguinal hernia. The mean length of hospital stay was 5.5 days. The most common postoperative complication was wound infection in 4.5% of patients. Incidence of IHPS had obvious seasonal association.Conclusion Incidence of IHPS at our hospital (the biggest hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with an annual birth record of 14 000) is far less common than international incidences reported in North America and Europe. More reports from Saudi Arabia, the Middle East, and Asia are recommended to support the rarity of IHPS in this region of the world. Seasonal variation suggests a possible etiological role for environmental factors. It is of practical use for both epidemiologists and clinicians for future comparability.Keywords: incidence, infantile pyloric stenosis, risk factor

EFFECT OF MULTIMEDIA ACTIVITIES IN BLENDED LEARNING ON LISTENING SKILLS AND SATISFACTION IN A COLLEGE ENGLISH LANGUAGE COURSE

This study aimed to investigate the effect of proposed multimedia activities in blended learning on students’ listening skills and satisfaction in a college English language course at the Royal University for Woman (RUW) in Bahrain. The study attempted to assess the effects of the proposed strategy on the students’ listening skills and satisfaction with the multimedia listening activities in the OPL (Orientation Program Lower). Results indicated that experimental group students scored higher level in their listening post-test than those in the control group. Experimental group students were satisfied with the courses designed.KEYWORDS: multimedia activities, interactive multimedia, listening comprehension, blended learning

Biophysical, Biochemical, and Molecular Docking Investigations of Anti-Glycating, Antioxidant, and Protein Structural Stability Potential of Garlic.

Garlic has been reported to inhibit protein glycation, a process that underlies several disease processes, including chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Biophysical, biochemical, and molecular docking investigations were conducted to assess anti-glycating, antioxidant, and protein structural protection activities of garlic. Results from spectral (UV and fluorescence) and circular dichroism (CD) analysis helped ascertain protein conformation and secondary structure protection against glycation to a significant extent. Further, garlic showed heat-induced protein denaturation inhibition activity (52.17%). It also inhibited glycation, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation as well as lent human serum albumin (HSA) protein structural stability, as revealed by reduction in browning intensity (65.23%), decrease in protein aggregation index (67.77%), and overall reduction in cross amyloid structure formation (33.26%) compared with positive controls (100%). The significant antioxidant nature of garlic was revealed by FRAP assay (58.23%) and DPPH assay (66.18%). Using molecular docking analysis, some of the important garlic metabolites were investigated for their interactions with the HSA molecule. Molecular docking analysis showed quercetin, a phenolic compound present in garlic, appears to be the most promising inhibitor of glucose interaction with the HSA molecule. Our findings show that garlic can prevent oxidative stress and glycation-induced biomolecular damage and that it can potentially be used in the treatment of several health conditions, including diabetes and other inflammatory diseases

Occurrence and sources of natural and anthropogenic lipid tracers in surface soils from arid urban areas of Saudi Arabia

Soil particles contain a variety of natural and anthropogenic organic components, and in urban areas can be considered as local collectors of pollutants. Surface soil samples were taken from ten urban areas in Riyadh during early winter of 2007. They were extracted with dichloromethane-methanol mixture and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major compounds were unresolved complex mixture (UCM), plasticizers, n-alkanes, carbohydrates, n-alkanoic acids, hopanes, n-alkanols, and sterols. Vegetation detritus was the major natural source of organic compounds (24.0 ± 15.7%) in samples from areas with less human activities and included n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanols, sterols and carbohydrates. Vehicular emission products and discarded plastics were the major anthropogenic sources in the soil particles (53.3 ± 21.3% and 22.7 ± 10.7%, respectively). The anthropogenic tracers were UCM, plasticizers, n-alkanes, hopanes and traces of steranes. Vegetation and human activities control the occurrence and distribution of natural and anthropogenic extractable organic matter in this arid urban area.Keywords: Petroleum residues, Biomarkers, Soils, Lipids, Plasticizer

Public Services Reforms in Neo-Patrimonial Systems: The Commercialization of Healthcare and Education in Saudi Arabia

Reforms of public services have been extensively researched in representative democracies, where they have been especially explained by ideological change, political turnover, financial crises and pressures from international organizations. Meanwhile, less attention has been paid to explaining them in countries whose institutions have been characterized as neo-patrimonial systems. This study aims to explain the commercialization of healthcare and education services that took place in Saudi Arabia since the 2000s. The analysis provides some ways to refine and expand existing theoretical accounts of public services reforms in regimes that differ from representative democracies

Defens in gene expression in some plant sources of Taif

Plant defensins are promising future strategy as antimicrobial agents; however the number of characterized plant defensins is very low. We isolated and studied the expression of plant defensins in six plants from Taif region. Using RT-PCR and two pairs of common as well as three pairs of specific primers, the defensin gene expression was analyzed. Plants showed differences in defensin gene expression in floral buds and leaves, though floral buds represented higher gene expression. The amino acid sequence of the six isolated cDNA sequences showed high similarity with other defensin accessions from the nucleotide database, especially in the cysteine rich motif. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated sequences share the common features of plant defensins, especially the 8 conserved cysteines. The results of this study help to detect some valuable Saudi plant sources for the development of natural peptides as a replacement for chemical antibiotics