Wprowadzanie unbundlingu własnościowego w sektorze energetycznym w drodze wydawanych przez Komisję Europejską decyzji zobowiązujących – próba oceny

Publikacja prezentuje wydane przez Komisję Europejską decyzje zobowiązujące, dotyczące sektora energetycznego. Przedmiotem analiz są te decyzje, na podstawie których przedsiębiorcy zobowiązali się do przeprowadzenia tzw. unbundlingu własnościowego, tj. do zbycia części należących do nich aktywów. Artykuł omawia trzy decyzje, które dotyczą odpowiednio E.ON., RWE i ENI oraz podejmuje próbę dokonania oceny działań KE podjętych w każdej ze spraw. W dalszej części autor podsumowuje praktykę Komisji Europejskiej i sądów europejskich

Estimation of the coal fired heat plant energy efficiency increase after heat recovery from flue gas cooling down below the dew point

The paper shows a method of the assessment of the energy efficiency of a modernised steam boiler house in which the thermal energy is recovered due to cooling of the flue gas below dew point. In addition to the energy recovery the modernisation also consists of a wet flue gas treatment that ensures a reduction in emissions of particulates and acidic gas. The publication presents the correct and simple indicator for the assessment of improvement of energy efficiency. Additionally some recommendations based on the example of settlement of savings made in hard coal heating plant, equipped with three steam boilers, fire-tube type, with a capacity of 3x3.0 t/h, operating with quasi-constant output during the year are shown

High normal blood pressure - clinical fact or myth?

W ostatniej dekadzie dyskutuje się nad klinicznym znaczeniem wysokich prawidłowych wartości ciśnienia tętniczego. Szacuje się, że rozpowszechnienie ciśnienia wysokiego prawidłowego może wynosić około 30% i wiąże się z większym niż ciśnienie optymalne ryzykiem sercowo-naczyniowym. Częściej również towarzyszą mu inne czynniki ryzyka rozwoju chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego, w tym cechy typowe dla zespołu metabolicznego. Według obecnych zaleceń ESH-ESC wysokie prawidłowe ciśnienie tętnicze wymaga postępowania niefarmakologicznego, o ile nie współistnieje z chorobami nerek lub układu sercowo-naczyniowego. Obecnie brakuje przekonujących danych o konieczności terapii farmakologicznej osób z ciśnieniem wysokim prawidłowym obciążonych niskim ryzykiem sercowo-naczyniowym.During last decade, an increased interest in the clinical significance of high normal blood pressure has arisen. Its prevalence is estimated at around 30% and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Other cardiovascular risk factors, including metabolic syndrome, are also related to high normal blood pressure values. According to ESH/ /ESC guidelines, lifestyle modifications alone should be implemented in patients with high normal blood pressure, unless it coexists with renal or cardiovascular diseases. Current data regarding the necessity of pharmacotherapy in patients with high normal blood pressure and low cardiovascular risk are unconvincing

Single Spin Asymmetry ANA_N in Polarized Proton-Proton Elastic Scattering at s=200\sqrt{s}=200 GeV

We report a high precision measurement of the transverse single spin asymmetry $A_N$ at the center of mass energy $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV in elastic proton-proton scattering by the STAR experiment at RHIC. The $A_N$ was measured in the four-momentum transfer squared $t$ range $0.003 \leqslant |t| \leqslant 0.035$ \GeVcSq, the region of a significant interference between the electromagnetic and hadronic scattering amplitudes. The measured values of $A_N$ and its $t$-dependence are consistent with a vanishing hadronic spin-flip amplitude, thus providing strong constraints on the ratio of the single spin-flip to the non-flip amplitudes. Since the hadronic amplitude is dominated by the Pomeron amplitude at this $\sqrt{s}$, we conclude that this measurement addresses the question about the presence of a hadronic spin flip due to the Pomeron exchange in polarized proton-proton elastic scattering.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure

Measurements of D0D^{0} and D∗D^{*} Production in pp + pp Collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV

We report measurements of charmed-hadron ($D^{0}$, $D^{*}$) production cross sections at mid-rapidity in $p$ + $p$ collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 200 GeV by the STAR experiment. Charmed hadrons were reconstructed via the hadronic decays $D^{0}\rightarrow K^{-}\pi^{+}$, $D^{*+}\rightarrow D^{0}\pi^{+}\rightarrow K^{-}\pi^{+}\pi^{+}$ and their charge conjugates, covering the $p_T$ range of 0.6$-$2.0 GeV/$c$ and 2.0$-$6.0 GeV/$c$ for $D^{0}$ and $D^{*+}$, respectively. From this analysis, the charm-pair production cross section at mid-rapidity is $d\sigma/dy|_{y=0}^{c\bar{c}}$ = 170 $\pm$ 45 (stat.) $^{+38}_{-59}$ (sys.) $\mu$b. The extracted charm-pair cross section is compared to perturbative QCD calculations. The transverse momentum differential cross section is found to be consistent with the upper bound of a Fixed-Order Next-to-Leading Logarithm calculation.Comment: 15 pages, 16 figures. Revised version submitted to Phys. Rev.

Inclusive charged hadron elliptic flow in Au + Au collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 7.7 - 39 GeV

A systematic study is presented for centrality, transverse momentum ($p_T$) and pseudorapidity ($\eta$) dependence of the inclusive charged hadron elliptic flow ($v_2$) at midrapidity($|\eta| < 1.0$) in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27 and 39 GeV. The results obtained with different methods, including correlations with the event plane reconstructed in a region separated by a large pseudorapidity gap and 4-particle cumulants ($v_2{4}$), are presented in order to investigate non-flow correlations and $v_2$ fluctuations. We observe that the difference between $v_2{2}$ and $v_2{4}$ is smaller at the lower collision energies. Values of $v_2$, scaled by the initial coordinate space eccentricity, $v_{2}/\varepsilon$, as a function of $p_T$ are larger in more central collisions, suggesting stronger collective flow develops in more central collisions, similar to the results at higher collision energies. These results are compared to measurements at higher energies at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ($\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 62.4 and 200 GeV) and at the Large Hadron Collider (Pb + Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV). The $v_2(p_T)$ values for fixed $p_T$ rise with increasing collision energy within the $p_T$ range studied ($< 2 {\rm GeV}/c$). A comparison to viscous hydrodynamic simulations is made to potentially help understand the energy dependence of $v_{2}(p_{T})$. We also compare the $v_2$ results to UrQMD and AMPT transport model calculations, and physics implications on the dominance of partonic versus hadronic phases in the system created at Beam Energy Scan (BES) energies are discussed.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures. Version accepted by PR

Longitudinal and transverse spin asymmetries for inclusive jet production at mid-rapidity in polarized p+p collisions at √s=200 GeV

We report STAR measurements of the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry ALL, the transverse single-spin asymmetry AN, and the transverse double-spin asymmetries AΣ and ATT for inclusive jet production at mid-rapidity in polarized p+p collisions at a center- of-mass energy of √s=200  GeV. The data represent integrated luminosities of 7.6  pb-1 with longitudinal polarization and 1.8  pb- 1 with transverse polarization, with 50%–55% beam polarization, and were recorded in 2005 and 2006. No evidence is found for the existence of statistically significant jet AN, AΣ, or ATT at mid- rapidity. Recent model calculations indicate the AN results may provide new limits on the gluon Sivers distribution in the proton. The asymmetry ALL significantly improves the knowledge of gluon polarization in the nucleon