Modelowanie nieselektywnych sygnałów analitycznych w kontekście kontroli jakości wybranych produktów

Quality of products depends on many parameters including their unique chemical composition. By definition, the global approach for the quality evaluation is necessary. It often requires simultaneous control of more than one parameter. Thus, the evaluated product is described by instrumental signal(s) possibly reach in chemical information (containing the inputs of several chemical components included in the product). The nonselective signals (e.g. chromatograms or spectra) are used frequently. They are considered as chemical fingerprints since the information they contain is unique. Nevertheless, the complex chemical composition of products leads to overlaps of particular signals characterizing different components. Isolation of significant information from such complex data facilitates the application of chemometric approaches. Considering their advantages the chemical fingerprints are used to evaluate quality of food products, in process analytical technology, and to monitor the environment. The aim of the research was to extract the relevant information form the nonselective signals in order to develop novel analytical approaches for the quality evaluation. Different approaches aiming at evaluation of the quality of sugar (in course of its color and ash content), diesel oil (in course of the level of the imposed excise duty) and food products as coffee, pepper mint, oregano, basil, tomato paste, and rooibos tea (in course of their total antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content) are developed. The nonselective signals like excitation-emission fluorescence matrices, high performance liquid chromatograms detected by diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and infrared spectra were registered for examined products. Obtained signals were efficiently modelled using selected chemometric methods. Moreover, the developed new chemical approaches have been validated according to their chemometric and analytical parameters. The application of the nonselective signals in the developed approaches significantly reduces or fully eliminates the use of classic, laborious, time and money consuming analytical methods. All of performed experiments were designed in accordance with the green chemistry principles, i.e. to limit the amount of harmful chemical wastes. Thus, the nonselective signals were collected for raw samples (without any laboratory preparation) or with the use of distilled water as the only solvent. Regarding to the high efficiency of the developed methodologies they can be recommended for the routine laboratory or on-line quality evaluation. It should be emphasized, the presented results refer to the preliminary studies and the application must be preceded by the additional experiments (taking into account the various changes of chemical composition of samples)

Dykcjonarz Franciszka Salezego Jezierskiego. Publicystyka w formie encyklopedii

In 1791, a posthumous work by Franciszek Salezy Jezierski entitled Niektóre wyrazy porządkiem abecadła zebrane stosownymi do rzeczy uwagami objaśnione was published. T he scholar c hose t he encyclopaedic form, popular during the Enlightenment, but instead of attempting to objectively present the state of knowledge at the time, many articles were used to present his own and opinions of the Kołłątaj’s Forge [Kuźnica Kołłątajowska] on the socio-political situation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This article analyses some of the articles in Jezierski’s dictionary in which he criticises the social relations in the Rzeczpospolita, points out those responsible for the weaknesses of the Polish-Lithuanian state, and at the same time presents Enlightenment ideas closely related to French thinkers. His descriptions were made in a very characteristic language, which proves that he was an outstanding publicist of the Great Sejm period

An image of North America in the silva created by Adam Jan Warakomski in 1743

The manuscript books (silva rerum) written by the nobility of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth often contain geographical and historical information about other countries and continents. In the 18th century, compendia of knowledge were published more and more frequently. They described the world in an easy-to-understand way. From these works, certain pieces of knowledge were copied into the noblemen’s silva. This article examines an image of the New World, and more precisely of North America, created by Adam Jan Warakomski. While analysing various works containing geographical references that Warakomski may have used during the writing of his silva, it becomes evident that the sources of his knowledge were the works of the Jesuit Jan Drews. Therefore, an analysis of characteristics of North America as depicted by both authors is conducted. This article is supplemented by a source edition with the purpose of comparison between the content of the sources.Rękopiśmienne księgi szlachty Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów często zawierają informacje geograficzno-historyczne na temat innych państw i kontynentów. W XVIII w. coraz częściej publikowane były kompendia wiedzy, które w przystępny sposób opisywały świat. Z nich wiadomości te trafiały na karty szlacheckich sylw. W artykule zaprezentowano obraz Nowego Świata, dokładniej: Ameryki Północnej w księdze autorstwa Adama Jana Warakomskiego. Na podstawie analizy różnych dzieł zawierających tematykę geograficzną, z których Warakomski mógł korzystać podczas tworzenia swej sylwy, okazało się, żeźródłem wiedzy autora były te autorstwa jezuity Jana Drewsa. Przeanalizowano więc charakterystykę Ameryki Północnej obydwu autorów. Artykuł został uzupełniony edycją źródłową, służącą porównaniu treści źródeł

Wspólnota, religia, prawa – mit o trojańskim pochodzeniu w angielskiej historiografii przedoświeceniowej

In the Middle Ages, most Western European countries looked for their roots in the Trojan War. In the 12th century Geoffrey of Monmouth created a story in which he made Brutus of Troy the founder of the state. For several centuries, the story became the basis for a discussion between writers about the beginnings of state. The story was also used by successive monarchs – in war propaganda, to emphasize independence from the Pope or to try to strengthen the royal power. Although criticism of the story about Trojan origin appeared early on, some writers did not want to reject the centuries-old tradition

Greek and Roman Motifs in the Mythology of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

This article analyses the inspiration for the characters and motifs originating from Greek and Roman mythology in the mythical stories about the beginnings of Poland and Lithuania, from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth formed in 1569. The founding fathers of these states – Lech and Palemon – were often compared to Remus and Romulus, French Faramund or British Brutus of Troy. The most extensive use of antique motifs was made by Jan Skorski, the author of an epic poem about Lech created in 1745. The poet was inspired above all by the Aeneid and the Odyssey. The use of antique motifs by Polish chroniclers and poets was in turn an inspiration for the nobility, who were also “searching” (better: creating) for their antique roots.

Wspólnota, religia, prawa – mit o trojańskim pochodzeniu w angielskiej historiografii przedoświeceniowej

In the Middle Ages, most Western European countries looked for their roots in the Trojan War. In the 12th century Geoffrey of Monmouth created a story in which he made Brutus of Troy the founder of the state. For several centuries, the story became the basis for a discussion between writers about the beginnings of state. The story was also used by successive monarchs – in war propaganda, to emphasize independence from the Pope or to try to strengthen the royal power. Although criticism of the story about Trojan origin appeared early on, some writers did not want to reject the centuries-old tradition

Między semantyką historyczną a kontekstem społecznym epoki – o języku politycznym szlachty Rzeczypospolitej

The book Dyskurs polityczny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Pojęcia i idee (Political Discourse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Concepts and Ideas) by Anna Grześkowiak-Krwawicz deals with the language of the participants in discussions about politics among the Commonwealth’s noble citizens, from the Renaissance until the fall of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The focus is not so much on changes in the meanings of the most popular concepts as on the values that were hidden behind them. By drawing attention mainly to the social context of the statements, the book stimulates reflection on the nuances in the terms used by the nobility and by contemporary researchers using these terms to describe this period in history.Monografia Dyskurs polityczny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Pojęcia i idee Anny Grześkowiak-Krwawicz skupia się na języku uczestników debaty politycznej, czyli szlachty, od czasów renesansu do upadku Rzeczypospolitej. Punkt ciężkości został położony nie tyle na zmianie znaczeń najpopularniejszych pojęć, ile na wartościach, które za tymi pojęciami były ukryte. Autorka, zwracając uwagę głównie na kontekst społeczny wypowiedzi, skłania do refleksji nad niuansami w pojęciach używanych przez szlachtę w czasach Rzeczypospolitej oraz przez współczesnych badaczy wykorzystujących te pojęcia do opisu tego okresu dziejów

Obrona czy krytyka? Echa debaty na temat dziejów bajecznych Polski w sylwach szlacheckich długiego wieku osiemnastego

In the 18th century, there was a debate in printed works about the authenticity of Poland’s most ancient history. Both views criticising the belief in Lech, Krakus or Piast, as well as those defending the Sarmatian vision of the Polish state’s past, were represented in manuscript books created by the noblemen. Tradition’s defenders, most often emotionally, blamed historians, mainly German, for deliberately distorting Polish history. Those denying mythical origins were much more laconic, considering the state’s most ancient past as ‘fabulous’.W XVIII w. w dziełach drukowanych trwała dyskusja nad prawdziwością najdawniejszych dziejów Polski. Zarówno głosy krytykujące wiarę w Lecha, Krakusa czy Piasta, jak i broniące sarmackiej wizji przeszłości państwa polskiego znalazły swoje odzwierciedlenie w rękopiśmiennych księgach szlacheckich. Obrońcy tradycji najczęściej w sposób emocjonalny obwiniali historyków, głównie niemieckich, o celowe zniekształcanie historii Polski. Odrzucający mityczne pochodzenie byli znacznie bardziej lakoniczni, uznając najdawniejszą przeszłość państwa za „bajeczną”