Remarks on interchange fees : central bank perspectives and options

Debit cards ; Credit cards ; Payment systems

General discussion : let's get real

Debit cards ; Credit cards

Central bank perspectives on stabilization policy

For some time, the use of monetary and fiscal policies to smooth business cycle fluctuations has taken a back seat to longer term objectives of restoring price stability and fiscal balance. More recently, however, weaker economic performance in some of the world’s economies, most notably in Japan and the United States, has led to renewed interest in the use of short-run stabilization policy. ; This year the bank’s economic policy symposium, “Rethinking Stabilization Policy,” explored the potential scope for stabilization policy in this new environment. The papers presented at the symposium and the ensuing discussion focused on a number of key issues including: reasons for the renewed interest in stabilization policy, the effectiveness and limitations of stabilization policy, and whether the use of short-run stabilization policy conflicts with the pursuit of longer term macroeconomic objectives. ; The articles included in this special issue of the Economic Review provide perspectives on stabilization policy from five prominent central bank officials: Alan Greenspan, Otmar Issing, Guillermo Ortiz, Yukata Yamaguchi, and David Dodge. As these articles suggest, policymakers in different countries clearly share a common set of core values that guide policy. At the same time, monetary policy decisions must also be tailored to the unique circumstances of individual countries. Viewed individually, each of these presentations is highly interesting and informative. Taken together, they provide a broad perspective on the challenges facing policymakers in a changing economic environment.Monetary policy ; Fiscal policy

Modeling Consequences of Reduced Vaccination Levels on the Spread of Measles

Introduction: In this thesis we propose a mathematical model for the spread of measles in a closed population. In section 1 we offer a motivation for the project, describe the measles virus as well as its history in the U.S., and provide a brief summary of three epidemiological models from the literature. In section 2.1 we introduce some probabilistic tools used in our model. Section 2.2.1 outlines our stochastic model used for the spread of measles in a population, which is refined in section 2.2.2 to include health interventions from the CDC. We conclude the thesis by presenting in section 3 the results of the simulations of the stochastic model developed and discussing the effects of a decrease in vaccination coverage on the spread of measles in the population

El archivo del monasterio cisterciense de nuestra señora de Belmonte (Asturias, España) en la historiografía moderna (1572-1807)

In the Modern Age, historians and erudits started to go to ecclesiastical archives to look for documents for their historial works. The objetive of this work is study how historians look documents up in the archive of cistercian abbey of Belmonte (Asturias, Spain), the accessibility to this private archive and how the monks allow or forbid this accessibility

Feliz Momento : Mazurka

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-ps/3553/thumbnail.jp

Inflammatory response to implantation of transparent nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia using a dorsal window chamber model.

The long-range goal of the windows to the brain (WttB) is to improve patient care by providing a technique for delivery and/or collection of light into/from the brain, on demand, over large areas, and on a chronically-recurring basis without the need for repeated craniotomies. To evaluate the potential of nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized-zirconia (nc-YSZ) cranial implant for optical therapy and imaging, in vivo biocompatibility was studied using the dorsal window chamber model in comparison with control (no implant) and commercially available cranial implant materials (PEEK and PEKK). The host tissue response to implant was characterized by using transillumination and fluorescent microscopy to measure leukocyte adhesion, blood vessel diameter, blood flow rate, and vascular permeability over two weeks. The results indicated the lack of inflammatory reaction of the host tissue to nc-YSZ at the microscopic level, suggesting that nc-YSZ is a good alternative material for cranial implants

Mujeres empresarias en el sector turístico Huatulco, Oaxaca: la mirada masculina

En el turismo es habitual observar que las mujeres encuentran oportunidades de acceder a trabajos remunerados, pero además ofrece oportunidades de emprender negocios, de esta forma se puede encontrar a mujeres como empresarias o dueñas de negocios. El hecho de que una mujer contribuya al ingreso de la familia, la convierte en proveedora y comparta este rol con la pareja, llegando incluso a ganar más que los hombres, lo anterior puede contribuir a generar fricciones o conflictos en las relaciones entre géneros por el rol tradicional atribuido en una sociedad patriarcal a los varones de ser los proveedores, protectores y autoridad. En este texto se presentan los resultados de una investigación en la que se entrevistó a hombres que viven en el Centro Integralmente Planeado Bahías de Huatulco, México para conocer sus percepciones sobre la labor empresarial de las mujeres y cómo influye ésta en sus roles de género a la luz del modelo hegemónico de masculinidad. Los resultados indican que dicho modelo tiene fisuras, ya que a cambio de ser “ayudados” en su rol de proveedor, deben aceptar la participación de las mujeres en las decisiones de la familia y aprender a aceptar cierto nivel de independencia.PROMEP-SE