Incidencia de la construcción del canal interoceánico en las políticas migratorias de Panamá :1880-1914

El presente estudio, que tiene por título Incidencia de la construcción del canal interoceánico en las polémicas migratorias de Panamá: 1880-1914, tiene por objeto determinar las políticas migratorias que se instauraron en Panamá durante ese periodo, caracterizarlas, examinar los intereses que confluían en la definición de éstas a finales del siglo XX e inicio del siglo XX, señalar cómo influyó la construcción de la vía interoceánica en las mismas y por último valorar las implicaciones históricas de este período en la vida nacional. Para alcanzar estos propósitos, hice un revisión exhaustiva de las fluentes primarias, tanto en la etapa francesa como en la norteamericana, ya que la gran cantidad de artículos y monografias que examinan el fenómeno migratorio que se dio en Panamá durante la construcción del Canal, no estudian el tema de las políticas migratorias, más bien se circunscriben al análisis de la gran oleada migratoria que se dio en ese tiempo. Una vez obtuve la información requerida, no sólo determiné los tipos de políticas migratorias que se instauraron en el Istmo durante la construcción de la vía interoceánica, sus alcances y repercusiones; si no su propensión a satisfacer los intereses de los sectores capitalistas, principalmente extranjeros, situación que a corto, mediano y largo plazo, ha obstaculizado el usufructo real y efectivo de nuestra posición geográfica y por ende del desarrollo que tanto se ha anhelado

Complementary pharmacological and toxicological characterization data on the pharmacological profile of N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-piperidinyl) acetamide

This text presents complementary data corresponding to pharmacological and toxicological characterization of N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-piperidinyl)acetamide (LIA) compound. These data support our research article entitled “Pharmacological profile of N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-piperidinyl)acetamide, a novel analog of lidocaine” Déciga-Campos M., Navarrete-Vázquez G., López-Muñoz F.J., Librowski T., Sánchez-Recillas A., Yañez-Pérez V., Ortiz-Andrade R. (2016) [1]. Toxicity was predicted through the ACD/ToxSuite software and evaluated in vivo using brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina L.) and mice. Also, we used the micronucleus assay to determine genotoxicity. We used the platform admetSAR to predict absorption properties of LIA and lidocaine. Keywords: N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-piperidinyl)acetamide, Toxicity, Lidocain

Inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation and accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer is regulated by S100A9 protein

Accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) associated with inhibition of dendritic cell (DC) differentiation is one of the major immunological abnormalities in cancer and leads to suppression of antitumor immune responses. The molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. We report here that STAT3-inducible up-regulation of the myeloid-related protein S100A9 enhances MDSC production in cancer. Mice lacking this protein mounted potent antitumor immune responses and rejected implanted tumors. This effect was reversed by administration of wild-type MDSCs from tumor-bearing mice to S100A9-null mice. Overexpression of S100A9 in cultured embryonic stem cells or transgenic mice inhibited the differentiation of DCs and macrophages and induced accumulation of MDSCs. This study demonstrates that tumor-induced up-regulation of S100A9 protein is critically important for accumulation of MDSCs and reveals a novel molecular mechanism of immunological abnormalities in cancer

Professional Development and Teaching Collaboration. Literary review

La profesionalización en el campo educativo necesita de innovación constante. De la misma forma el trabajo colaborativo entre los docentes. Este estudio profundiza en las competencias docentes y el fortalecimiento de estas para alcanzar un mejor desarrollo en al área. Un programa de desarrollo profesional docente para fortalecer el trabajo colaborativo entre los docentes. En esta revisión se realizará con el fin de proporcionar información relevante y actualizada. Por consiguiente, el objetivo general es fundamentar teóricamente el desarrollo profesional y la colaboración docente. Asimismo, analizar la literatura que fundamenta el trabajo colaborativo en el área educativa. Este estudio se desarrolla usando un método de revisión bibliográfica, con datos extraídos de revistas científicas en el área educativa. Se realizó un filtrado de información, análisis y selección de información relevante al presente estudio y usando los buscadores Booleanos. Entre las conclusiones resalta la importancia de una profesionalización docente que fortalezca sus competencias en todos los ámbitos y sobre todo fortalecer al equipo docente mediante el trabajo colaborativo.Professionalization in the educational field needs constant innovation. In the same way, collaborative work between teachers. This study delves into teaching competencies and their strengthening to achieve better development in the area. A teacher professional development program to strengthen collaborative work among teachers. This review will be carried out to provide relevant and updated information. Therefore, the general objective is to theoretically inform professional development and teacher collaboration. Likewise, analyze the literature that bases collaborative work in the educational area. This study is developed using a bibliographic review method, with data extracted from scientific journals in the educational area. Information filtering, analysis, and selection of information relevant to the present study was carried out using Boolean search engines. Among the conclusions, the importance of teacher professionalization that strengthens their skills in all areas and, above all, strengthens the teaching team through collaborative work stands out

Immature myeloid cells directly contribute to skin tumor development by recruiting IL-17-producing CD4(+) T cells

Evidence links chronic inflammation with cancer, but cellular mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. We have demonstrated that in humans, inflammatory conditions that predispose to development of skin and colon tumors are associated with accumulation in tissues of CD33(+)S100A9(+) cells, the phenotype typical for myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer or immature myeloid cells (IMCs) in tumor-free hosts. To identify the direct role of these cells in tumor development, we used S100A9 transgenic mice to create the conditions for topical accumulation of these cells in the skin in the absence of infection or tissue damage. These mice demonstrated accumulation of granulocytic IMCs in the skin upon topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), resulting in a dramatic increase in the formation of papillomas during epidermal carcinogenesis. The effect of IMCs on tumorigenesis was not associated with immune suppression, but with CCL4 (chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 4)-mediated recruitment of IL-17–producing CD4(+) T cells. This chemokine was released by activated IMCs. Elimination of CD4(+) T cells or blockade of CCL4 or IL-17 abrogated the increase in tumor formation caused by myeloid cells. Thus, this study implicates accumulation of IMCs as an initial step in facilitation of tumor formation, followed by the recruitment of CD4(+) T cells

Genomic comparison of Trypanosoma conorhini and Trypanosoma rangeli to Trypanosoma cruzi strains of high and low virulence

Abstract Background Trypanosoma conorhini and Trypanosoma rangeli, like Trypanosoma cruzi, are kinetoplastid protist parasites of mammals displaying divergent hosts, geographic ranges and lifestyles. Largely nonpathogenic T. rangeli and T. conorhini represent clades that are phylogenetically closely related to the T. cruzi and T. cruzi-like taxa and provide insights into the evolution of pathogenicity in those parasites. T. rangeli, like T. cruzi is endemic in many Latin American countries, whereas T. conorhini is tropicopolitan. T. rangeli and T. conorhini are exclusively extracellular, while T. cruzi has an intracellular stage in the mammalian host. Results Here we provide the first comprehensive sequence analysis of T. rangeli AM80 and T. conorhini 025E, and provide a comparison of their genomes to those of T. cruzi G and T. cruzi CL, respectively members of T. cruzi lineages TcI and TcVI. We report de novo assembled genome sequences of the low-virulent T. cruzi G, T. rangeli AM80, and T. conorhini 025E ranging from ~ 21–25 Mbp, with ~ 10,000 to 13,000 genes, and for the highly virulent and hybrid T. cruzi CL we present a ~ 65 Mbp in-house assembled haplotyped genome with ~ 12,500 genes per haplotype. Single copy orthologs of the two T. cruzi strains exhibited ~ 97% amino acid identity, and ~ 78% identity to proteins of T. rangeli or T. conorhini. Proteins of the latter two organisms exhibited ~ 84% identity. T. cruzi CL exhibited the highest heterozygosity. T. rangeli and T. conorhini displayed greater metabolic capabilities for utilization of complex carbohydrates, and contained fewer retrotransposons and multigene family copies, i.e. trans-sialidases, mucins, DGF-1, and MASP, compared to T. cruzi. Conclusions Our analyses of the T. rangeli and T. conorhini genomes closely reflected their phylogenetic proximity to the T. cruzi clade, and were largely consistent with their divergent life cycles. Our results provide a greater context for understanding the life cycles, host range expansion, immunity evasion, and pathogenesis of these trypanosomatids

Repertoire, Genealogy and Genomic Organization of Cruzipain and Homologous Genes in Trypanosoma cruzi, T. cruzi-Like and Other Trypanosome Species

Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, is a complex of genetically diverse isolates highly phylogenetically related to T. cruzi-like species, Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei and Trypanosoma dionisii, all sharing morphology of blood and culture forms and development within cells. However, they differ in hosts, vectors and pathogenicity: T. cruzi is a human pathogen infective to virtually all mammals whilst the other two species are non-pathogenic and bat restricted. Previous studies suggest that variations in expression levels and genetic diversity of cruzipain, the major isoform of cathepsin L-like (CATL) enzymes of T. cruzi, correlate with levels of cellular invasion, differentiation, virulence and pathogenicity of distinct strains. In this study, we compared 80 sequences of genes encoding cruzipain from 25 T. cruzi isolates representative of all discrete typing units (DTUs TcI-TcVI) and the new genotype Tcbat and 10 sequences of homologous genes from other species. The catalytic domain repertoires diverged according to DTUs and trypanosome species. Relatively homogeneous sequences are found within and among isolates of the same DTU except TcV and TcVI, which displayed sequences unique or identical to those of TcII and TcIII, supporting their origin from the hybridization between these two DTUs. In network genealogies, sequences from T. cruzi clustered tightly together and closer to T. c. marinkellei than to T. dionisii and largely differed from homologues of T. rangeli and T. b. brucei. Here, analysis of isolates representative of the overall biological and genetic diversity of T. cruzi and closest T. cruzi-like species evidenced DTU- and species-specific polymorphisms corroborating phylogenetic relationships inferred with other genes. Comparison of both phylogenetically close and distant trypanosomes is valuable to understand host-parasite interactions, virulence and pathogenicity. Our findings corroborate cruzipain as valuable target for drugs, vaccine, diagnostic and genotyping approaches

Study protocol for the multicentre cohorts of Zika virus infection in pregnant women, infants, and acute clinical cases in Latin America and the Caribbean: The ZIKAlliance consortium

Background: The European Commission (EC) Horizon 2020 (H2020)-funded ZIKAlliance Consortium designed a multicentre study including pregnant women (PW), children (CH) and natural history (NH) cohorts. Clinical sites were selected over a wide geographic range within Latin America and the Caribbean, taking into account the dynamic course of the ZIKV epidemic. Methods: Recruitment to the PW cohort will take place in antenatal care clinics. PW will be enrolled regardless of symptoms and followed over the course of pregnancy, approximately every 4 weeks. PW will be revisited at delivery (or after miscarriage/abortion) to assess birth outcomes, including microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities according to the evolving definition of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). After birth, children will be followed for 2 years in the CH cohort. Follow-up visits are scheduled at ages 1-3, 4-6, 12, and 24 months to assess neurocognitive and developmental milestones. In addition, a NH cohort for the characterization of symptomatic rash/fever illness was designed, including follow-up to capture persisting health problems. Blood, urine, and other biological materials will be collected, and tested for ZIKV and other relevant arboviral diseases (dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever) using RT-PCR or serological methods. A virtual, decentralized biobank will be created. Reciprocal clinical monitoring has been established between partner sites. Substudies of ZIKV seroprevalence, transmissio