La représentation de l’armée du Second Empire par la peinture

Le Second Empire donne un élan nouveau à la peinture militaire, bien qu’il soit moins puissant que celui suscité par le précédent empire. Importante et variée, souvent académique, elle est renouvelée au début du xixe siècle. Elle aborde tous les aspects de la vie militaire, notamment les campagnes extérieures, que les peintres suivent, en Algérie, en Crimée, en Italie, au Mexique. Retenons les noms d’Yvon, Rigo, Pils Beaucé, Philippoteaux, Meissonnier, Charpentier, Manet, Massé, H. Vernet et ceux des aquarellistes Armand-Dumaresq, Gignoux, Rocton, Lalaisse. Après 1870, les peintres consacrent toujours leur art à cette armée impériale, mais au service d’un discours désormais patriotique suivant un style plus libre, dont Detaille et de Neuville sont les plus représentatifs. Mais, dès la guerre de Crimée, la photographie donne à la représentation du soldat une dimension nouvelle.The Second Empire gives a new impetus to military painting, although it is less intense than the production inspired by the previous empire. It was important and varied, often academic, and experienced renewal at the beginning of the 19th century. It approached all the living aspects of the military institution. Many painters followed foreign interventions in Algeria, Crimea, Italy and Mexico. One can quote the names of Yvon, Rigo, Pils Beaucé, Philippoteaux, Meissonnier, Charpentier, Manet, Massé, H. Vernet, and those of watercolorists Armand-Dumaresq, Gignoux, Rocton, Lalaisse. After 1870, painters still dedicated their art to the imperial army, but they supported of a henceforth-patriotic speech with a freer style, of which Detaille and of Neuville are the most representative. Nevertheless, since the Crimean War, the photography gave another direction to the representation of the soldier

La représentation de l’armée du Second Empire par la peinture

Le Second Empire donne un élan nouveau à la peinture militaire, bien qu’il soit moins puissant que celui suscité par le précédent empire. Importante et variée, souvent académique, elle est renouvelée au début du xixe siècle. Elle aborde tous les aspects de la vie militaire, notamment les campagnes extérieures, que les peintres suivent, en Algérie, en Crimée, en Italie, au Mexique. Retenons les noms d’Yvon, Rigo, Pils Beaucé, Philippoteaux, Meissonnier, Charpentier, Manet, Massé, H. Vernet et ceux des aquarellistes Armand-Dumaresq, Gignoux, Rocton, Lalaisse. Après 1870, les peintres consacrent toujours leur art à cette armée impériale, mais au service d’un discours désormais patriotique suivant un style plus libre, dont Detaille et de Neuville sont les plus représentatifs. Mais, dès la guerre de Crimée, la photographie donne à la représentation du soldat une dimension nouvelle.The Second Empire gives a new impetus to military painting, although it is less intense than the production inspired by the previous empire. It was important and varied, often academic, and experienced renewal at the beginning of the 19th century. It approached all the living aspects of the military institution. Many painters followed foreign interventions in Algeria, Crimea, Italy and Mexico. One can quote the names of Yvon, Rigo, Pils Beaucé, Philippoteaux, Meissonnier, Charpentier, Manet, Massé, H. Vernet, and those of watercolorists Armand-Dumaresq, Gignoux, Rocton, Lalaisse. After 1870, painters still dedicated their art to the imperial army, but they supported of a henceforth-patriotic speech with a freer style, of which Detaille and of Neuville are the most representative. Nevertheless, since the Crimean War, the photography gave another direction to the representation of the soldier

La neutralité de la Savoie

Après avoir été possession française à plusieurs reprises, la Savoie appartient définitivement à la France en 1860. L’ancien duché piémontais correspond aujourd’hui aux départements de la Savoie et de la Haute-Savoie. En devenant française, cette Savoie présente cependant cette singularité d’avoir transféré avec elle un statut de neutralité, prévu par les traités de 1814 et de 1815, suite aux guerres napoléoniennes, qui a pour conséquence d’interdire de défendre la frontière française dans la zone limitrophe de la Suisse et de l’Italie. Ce statut, qui n’est pas autre chose qu’une extension de la neutralité helvétique, met la France, à partir de 1871, dans une situation délicate en cas de conflit simultané avec l’Italie et l’Allemagne. C’est à cette difficulté qu’est confronté, le général Séré de Rivières, directeur du service du génie, lorsqu’il est chargé, à partir de 1874, de réorganiser la défense de l’ensemble du territoire français au lendemain de la défaite contre l’Allemagne. Si, durant le Première Guerre mondiale, l’Italie lève cette hypothèque en se rangeant dans le camp des alliés, il faut attendre le traité de Versailles de 1919 pour mettre un terme à cette situation.The Neutrality of Savoy: France confronts Germany and Italy. Having been a French possession several times before, Savoy definitively became part of France from 1860 onwards. The former Duchy of Piedmont corresponded to the departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie today. Savoy’s adherence to France, however, brought with it a singular legal status: a statute of neutrality, provided for in the treaties of 1814 and 1815 at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The result was a prohibition on a defence of the French frontier in the zone adjoining the borders with Switzerland and Italy. This statute, in practice an extension of Swiss neutrality, placed France in a delicate situation after 1871 in the event of a simultaneous conflict with Italy and Germany. The man who confronted this difficulty was General Séré de Rivières, the Director of the French Army’s corps of engineers, when he was given the responsibility from 1874 of reorganising the defence of all French territory in the aftermath of the defeat by the Germans. If Italy lifted its mortgage on French security by rallying in 1915 to the side of the Allies, France had to wait until the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 to put an end to the underlying situation

La neutralité de la Savoie

Après avoir été possession française à plusieurs reprises, la Savoie appartient définitivement à la France en 1860. L’ancien duché piémontais correspond aujourd’hui aux départements de la Savoie et de la Haute-Savoie. En devenant française, cette Savoie présente cependant cette singularité d’avoir transféré avec elle un statut de neutralité, prévu par les traités de 1814 et de 1815, suite aux guerres napoléoniennes, qui a pour conséquence d’interdire de défendre la frontière française dans la zone limitrophe de la Suisse et de l’Italie. Ce statut, qui n’est pas autre chose qu’une extension de la neutralité helvétique, met la France, à partir de 1871, dans une situation délicate en cas de conflit simultané avec l’Italie et l’Allemagne. C’est à cette difficulté qu’est confronté, le général Séré de Rivières, directeur du service du génie, lorsqu’il est chargé, à partir de 1874, de réorganiser la défense de l’ensemble du territoire français au lendemain de la défaite contre l’Allemagne. Si, durant le Première Guerre mondiale, l’Italie lève cette hypothèque en se rangeant dans le camp des alliés, il faut attendre le traité de Versailles de 1919 pour mettre un terme à cette situation.The Neutrality of Savoy: France confronts Germany and Italy. Having been a French possession several times before, Savoy definitively became part of France from 1860 onwards. The former Duchy of Piedmont corresponded to the departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie today. Savoy’s adherence to France, however, brought with it a singular legal status: a statute of neutrality, provided for in the treaties of 1814 and 1815 at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The result was a prohibition on a defence of the French frontier in the zone adjoining the borders with Switzerland and Italy. This statute, in practice an extension of Swiss neutrality, placed France in a delicate situation after 1871 in the event of a simultaneous conflict with Italy and Germany. The man who confronted this difficulty was General Séré de Rivières, the Director of the French Army’s corps of engineers, when he was given the responsibility from 1874 of reorganising the defence of all French territory in the aftermath of the defeat by the Germans. If Italy lifted its mortgage on French security by rallying in 1915 to the side of the Allies, France had to wait until the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 to put an end to the underlying situation

Circulating lymphocyte number has a positive association with tumor response in neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for advanced rectal cancer

Although neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the standard treatment for advanced rectal cancer (RC), markers to predict the treatment response have not been fully established. In 73 patients with advanced RC who underwent CRT in a neoadjuvant setting, we retrospectively examined the associations between the clinical effects of CRT and blood cell counts before and after CRT. Clinical or pathological complete response (CR) was observed in 10 (14%) cases. The CR rate correlated significantly with the size and the circumferential extent of the tumor. Hemoglobin level, white blood cell (WBC) count and platelet count before CRT did not show a significant difference between CR and non-CR cases. Interestingly, however, lymphocyte ratio in WBC was significantly higher (p = 0.020), while neutrophil ratio tended to be lower (p = 0.099), in CR cases, which was shown to be an independent association by multivariate analysis. When all the blood data obtained in the entire treatment period were evaluated, circulating lymphocyte count was most markedly decreased in the CRT period and gradually recovered by the time of surgery, while the numbers of neutrophils and monocytes were comparatively stable. Moreover, the lymphocyte percentage in samples obtained from CR patients was maintained at a relatively higher level than that from non-CR patients. Since tumor shrinkage is known to be dependent not only on the characteristics of tumor cells but also on various host conditions, our data raise the possibility that a lymphocyte-mediated immune reaction may have a positive role in achieving complete eradication of tumor cells. Maintenance of circulating lymphocyte number may improve the response to CRT in rectal cancer

Microvessel density as new prognostic marker after radiotherapy in rectal cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The extent of angiogenesis is an important prognostic factor for colorectal carcinoma, however, there are few studies concerning changes in angiogenesis with radiotherapy (RTX). Our aim was to investigate changes in tumor angiogenesis influenced by radiotherapy to assess the prognostic value of angiogenesis the microvessel density (MVD) in overall survival after radiotherapy.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Tumor specimens were taken from 101 patients resected for rectal cancer. The patients were divided into three groups according to the treatment they received before surgery (not treated, a short course, or long course of RTX). Tumor specimens were paraffin-embedded and immunohistochemistry was performed with primary antibody against CD-34 to count MVD.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>MVD was significantly lower in the group of patients treated with a long course of RTX (p <0.025). The mean MVD for the long RTX group was 134.8; for the short RTX group – 192.5; and for those not treated with RTX – 193.0. There were no significant statistical correlations between MVD and age, sex, grade of tumor differentiation (G) and tumor size (T) in those untreated with RTX. In long RTX group we found a significant prognostic rate for MVD when the density cut off was near 130 with 92.3% sensitivity and 64.7% specificity. When the MVD was lower than a cut off of 130, the survival period significantly increased (p = 0.001), the mortality rate is significantly higher if the MVD is higher than 130 (microvessel/mm²) (1953.047; p = 0.002), if the histological grade is moderate/poor (127.407; p = 0.013), if the tumor is T3/T4 (111.618; p = 0.014), and if the patient is male (17.92; p = 0.034) adjusted by other variable in model.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results show that a long course of radiotherapy significantly decreased angiogenesis in rectal cancer tissue. MVD was found to be a favourable marker for tumor behaviour during RTX and a predictor of overall survival after long course of RTX. Further investigations are now needed to determine the changes in angiogenesis during a shorter course of RTX.</p

Combination of RAD001 (everolimus) and docetaxel reduces prostate and breast cancer cell VEGF production and tumour vascularisation independently of sphingosine-kinase-1

Resistance to docetaxel is a key problem in current prostate and breast cancer management. We have recently discovered a new molecular mechanism of prostate cancer docetaxel chemoresistance mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/sphingosine-kinase-1 (SK1) pathway. Here we investigated the influence of this pathway on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production and tumour vascularisation in hormone resistant prostate and breast cancer models. Immunofluorescent staining of tumour sections from human oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer patients showed a strong correlation between phosphorylated P70S6 kinase (mTOR downstream target), VEGF and SK1 protein expression. In hormone-insensitive prostate (PC3) and breast (MDA-MB-231 and BT-549) cancer cell lines the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) has significantly inhibited SK1 and VEGF expression, while low dose (5 nM) docetaxel had no significant effect. In these cell lines, SK1 overexpression slightly increased the basal levels of VEGF, but did not block the inhibitory effect of RAD001 on VEGF. In a human prostate xenograft model established in nude mice, RAD001 alone or in combination with docetaxel has suppressed tumour growth, VEGF expression and decreased tumour vasculature. Overall, our data demonstrate a new mechanism of an independent regulation of SK1 and VEGF by mTOR in hormone-insensitive prostate and breast cancers

Initial Results from the Royal College of Radiologists' UK National Audit of Anal Cancer Radiotherapy 2015

Aims: UK guidance was recently developed for the treatment of anal cancer using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). We audited the current use of radiotherapy in UK cancer centres for the treatment of anal cancer against such guidance. We describe the acute toxicity of IMRT in comparison with patient population in the audit treated with two-phase conformal radiotherapy and the previous published data from two-phase conformal radiotherapy, in the UK ACT2 trial. Materials and methods: A Royal College of Radiologists' prospective national audit of patients treated with radiotherapy in UK cancer centres was carried out over a 6 month period between February and July 2015. Results: Two hundred and forty-two cases were received from 40/56 cancer centres (71%). In total, 231 (95%) underwent full dose radiotherapy with prophylactic nodal irradiation. Of these, 180 (78%) received IMRT or equivalent, 52 (22%) two-phase conformal (ACT2) technique. The number of interruptions in radiotherapy treatment in the ACT2 trial was 15%. Interruptions were noted in 7% (95% confidence interval 0–14%) of courses receiving two-phase conformal and 4% (95% confidence interval 1–7%) of those receiving IMRT. The percentage of patients completing the planned radiotherapy dose, irrelevant of gaps, was 90% (95% confidence interval 82–98%) and 96% (95% confidence interval 93–99%), in two-phase conformal and IMRT respectively. The toxicity reported in the ACT2 trial, in patients receiving two-phase conformal in the audit and in patients receiving IMRT in the audit was: any toxic effect 71%, 54%, 48%, non-haematological 62%, 49%, 40% and haematological 26%, 13%, 18%, respectively. Conclusions: IMRT implementation for anal cancer is well underway in the UK with most patients receiving IMRT delivery, although its usage is not yet universal. This audit confirms that IMRT results in reduced acute toxicity and minimised treatment interruptions in comparison with previous two-phase conformal techniques

Repression of tumor suppressor miR-451 is essential for NOTCH1-induced oncogenesis in T-ALL

miR-451 represses expression of Myc and acts as a tumor suppressor in murine and human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia