Jednoroditeljske obitelji

Jednoroditeljske obitelji su obitelji gdje je samo jedan roditelj hranitelj obitelji. Postoje različiti uzroci nastanka jednoroditeljskih obitelji. Nastale su najčešće zbog rastave braka, smrti jednog od bračnih partnera i rađanjem djece izvan braka. Ovisno o uzroku nastanka jednoroditeljske obitelji, javljaju se različiti izazovi kako za roditelje, tako i za djecu. Ekonomska moć i roditeljski stil ističu se kao dva najvažnija čimbenika koji mogu utjecati na razvoj djeteta u jednoroditeljskim obiteljima. Samohrani roditelji, suočeni s životnim problemima, mogu postati emocionalno nedostupni, što rezultira slabijom kontrolom djeteta, a zadovoljstvo roditelja je veće što je podrška okoline veća. Prema uzroku nastanka najčešće su podijeljeni stavovi okoline prema jednoroditeljskim obiteljima. Okolina je najviše naklonjena udovicama i udovcima, zatim rastavljenim roditeljima, a najmanje je naklonjena roditeljima djece rođene izvan braka (Pećnik, Raboteg-Šarić, 2009). Obiteljski procesi važan su čimbenik djetetova razvoja. Uz razvod braka vežu se posljedice koje pogađaju kako roditelje, tako i djecu. Nepovoljni razvojni ishodi djece uglavnom su posljedica sukoba prije samog razvoda roditelja, a ne posljedica života u jednoroditeljskim obiteljima (Pećnik, Raboteg-Šarić, 2009). Tvrdnja da jednoroditeljske obitelji nepovoljno djeluju na razvoj djece znači stigmatizaciju takvih obitelji

Population characteristics of the narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) in the Treće jezero of the Maksimir Park

Uskoškari rak (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) pripada porodici Astacidae te je autohtona europska slatkovodna vrsta koja naseljava stajaćice i spore vodotoke. Cilj ovog rada je opisati populacijske značajke uskoškarog raka u Trećem jezeru parka Maksimir u kojem je prisutnost ove vrste preliminarno zabilježena kao i utvrditi postoje li razlike morfometrijskih značajki, kondicije, udjela ozljeda i faza životnog ciklusa između spolova, te između veličinskih klasa. Uzorkovanje je provedeno od 7. - 16. lipnja 2016., vršama i ručnim lovom. Ulovljena su 153 raka, određen je spol, izmjereno do 25 morfometrijskih značajki po jedinki, zabilježene su vidljive ozljede, fiziološka faza godišnjeg ciklusa i aktivnost cementnih žlijezda kod ženki. Gustoća populacije određena je CPUE (ulov po jedinici napora) i metodom označavanja i ponovnog ulova. Analizom je dokazana statistički značajna razlika među spolovima u 8 morfometrijskih značajki, kao i odsustvo statistički značajne razlike u kondiciji i udjelu ozljeda. Temeljem ukupne dužine jedinki populacija uskoškarih rakova podijeljena je u 6 veličinskih klasa. Rezultati analize varijanci morfometrijskih značajki pokazali su da se mužjaci značajno razlikuju u svim mjerenim parametrima između klasa, a ženke se razlikuju u svima osim u širine areole. Nije zabilježena značajna razlika u kondiciji među klasama, ali je zabilježena u udjelu ozljeda (veće jedinke imaju veći udio ozljeda od manjih). Relativna gustoća populacije za istraživanu lokaciju CPUE metodom je 0,10 jedinki/vrši/noći, odnosno, 15,61 jedinki/osobi/h (23 jedinke/m2). Brojnost populacije je procijenjena na 2303 jedinke Schnabel metodom i 2279 jedinki Schumacher - Eschmeyer metodom. Istraživanjem je pokazano da je populacija uskoškarog raka Trećeg jezera velika, stabilna i vijabilna, te pod pritiskom predatora. Kako uskoškari rakovi imaju karakteristike invazivne vrste, potrebno je nastaviti pratiti populacijske značajke ove vrste na području parka Maksimir te pokušati spriječiti njeno širenje.Narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) within the family Astacidae is a native European species that inhabits lakes and slow streams. The objective of this study is to examine population characteristics of narrow-clawed crayfish in Treće jezero of park Maksimir where its presence has been preliminary recorded as well as determine if there are differences in morphometric characteristics, condition, injury percentage and life cycle phases between sexes and between size classes. Sampling took place from 7th till 16th of June 2016, by both traps and hand. 153 crayfish were caught, their sex was determined, 25 morphometric characteristics per unit were measured, visible injuries, life cycle phases and cement gland activity (in females) were recorded. Population density was determined with CPUE (catch per unit effort) and mark - recapture method. Analysis has shown significant difference in 8 morphometric characteristics between sexes, and its lack in condition and injury percentage. Population of narrowed-clawed crayfish was divided into 6 size classes. Results of variance analysis of morphometric characteristics showed that males siginificantly differ in all parameters between classes while females differ in all, except in areolal width. There was no significant difference in condition between classes, but it was recorded in injury percentage (larger individuals have more injuries than smaller ones). Relative population density for investigated location using CPUE is 0.10 units/trap/night and 15.61 units/person/hour (23 units/m2). Population size was estimated by Schnabel (2303 units) and Schumacher - Eschmeyer (2279 units) method. The study has shown that narrow-clawed crayfish of Treće jezero make a large, stable and viable population under predator pressure. Since narrow-clawed crayfish have characteristics of invasive species, it is necessary to continue monitoring population characteristics of this species in the area of park Maksimir and try to prevent it from spreading

Osnovne pretpostavke za istraživanje stanja naprezanja-deformacija oštećenih armiranobetonskih stupova kružnog presjeka

Certain types of damage are clearly visible on the buildings built in the last century – it is evident that they have been caused by a combination of certain factors: long-term use of the building, long-term continuous load, dynamic and chemical influences. By analyzing all the possible causes of the damage, this article elaborates in detail the damage classification of reinforced concrete structures. The RC column is analyzed as a typical, structural element, used in construction many times. Reviewing the literature and a variety of experimental studies within the previous 80 years, a unique type of damage of experimental models is separated. This clearly corresponds with damages formed during the exploitation of a column. The proposed model for experimental study of damaged RC columns is given. Basic parameters that will lead to the collapse of the element during the test are analyzed.Na objektima izgrađenim u prošlom stoljeću jasno su vidljivi određeni tipovi oštećenja kod kojih je razvidno da su nastali zbog kombinacije određenih faktora: dugotrajne eksploatacije konstrukcije, dugotrajnog kontinuiranog opterećenja, dinamičkih i na kraju kemijskih utjecaja. Analizirajući sve moguće uzroke oštećenja, u članku je detaljno razrađena klasifikacija oštećenja ab konstrukcija. Analiziran je armiranobetonski stup kao tipičan, strukturni element mnogo puta korišten u konstrukciji. Pregledom literature i raznih eksperimentalnih istraživanja u posljednjih 80-ak godina izdvojen je jedinstven tip oštećenja eksperimentalnih modela koji se nedvosmisleno poklapa s oštećenjima nastalih tijekom eksploatacije stupa. Dan je prijedlog modela ispitivanja oštećenih ab stupova te su analizirani osnovni parametri koji će dovesti do sloma elementa tijekom ispitivanja

Limited Liability Company

Ovaj rad donosi detaljan pregled pravnih oblika poduzetništva, odnosno društva s ograničenom odgovornošću kao trgovačkog društva u kojem jedna ili više pravnih ili fizičkih osoba ulažu temeljne uloge s kojima sudjeluju u unaprijed dogovorenom temeljnom kapitalu. U radu su iznesena osnovna obilježja i postupak osnivanja društva s ograničenom odgovornošću, ali i postupak likvidacije ako se ukaže potreba za zatvaranjem društva. Društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću obavezno mora imati skupštinu i upravu, dok nadzorni odbor nije obavezan, stoga ovaj rad donosi i detaljan pregled tih triju tijela društva. Koje su prednosti i nedostatci društva s ograničenom odgovornošću te po kojim se odrednicama ono razlikuje od dioničkoga društva i obrta, donose posljednja tri poglavlja središnjeg dijela rada. Cilj je ovoga rada stjecanje osnovnih spoznaja o društvu s ograničenom odgovornošću te nastojanje da se pobliže objasni procedura nastajanja društva i ukaže što je sve potrebno da bi društvo moglo započeti s obavljanjem djelatnosti.This essay explains in details legal form of enterpreneurship, respectively limited liability company as enterprise in which one or more legal or natural persons invest subscribed investments with witch they participate in beforehand arranged subscribed capital. In essay are expressed basic characteristics and procedure of establishment of the limited liability company, but also procedure of liquidation if there is a need to close the company. Limited liability company necessarily must have assembly and management, while supervisory board is not obligatory, so this essay also explains in details those three bodies. Advantages and deficiencies of limited liability companies and which determinants differ them from limited liability company and trade are brought in last three chapters of the central part of this essay. Goal of this essay is to get basic comprehension about limited liability companies, but also endeavour to closely explain procedure of creation of company and to show what is needed in order that one company can start practicing it's work

Clash of the Titans: The Impact of Weiss on the Future of Judicial Conflicts in the EU

The paper deals with the recent Weiss/PSPP decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the German Federal Constitutional Court, attempting to contextualise these decisions within previous conflicts between these two courts. The FCC’s case law is studied through the perspective of three different types of reviews it developed: fundamental rights review, ultra vires review and constitutional identity review. Then, a detailed analysis of the Weiss and PSPP cases is given in order to understand the repercussions of the first case in which the FCC officially exercised its proclaimed competences and declared the CJEU and ECB’s decisions as ultra vires, undermining fundamental principles of the EU legal order. This act could potentially lead to significant changes in current mechanisms of resolving disputes between the highest courts of the EU and national legal orders. Finally, the future of judicial conflicts is discussed through the analysis of the Weiler/Sarmiento model and the system (or lack of system) of resolving the conflicts currently in place. The paper concludes by highlighting that the Weiss/PSPP decisions could very well be those that finally stimulate a long-needed solution

Je li moguće očuvanje plodnosti kod bolesnica s ginekološkim rakom?

The aim of this review article is to present current options for fertility preservation in young women with gynecological tumors (ovarian, endometrial or cervical cancer). An early pretreatment referral to multidisciplinary team which consists of general gynecologists, gynecologic oncologists, embryologists, radiologists, pathologists, and reproductive endocrinologists should be suggested to young women with gynecologic cancer, concerning the risks and benefits of fertility preservation options. Only a small percentage of patients with ovarian cancer and borderline ovarian tumors, are appropriate candidates for fertility preservation (FIGO stage IA and IC epithelial ovarian cancer). Following oophorectomy, ovarian tissue or oocytes are removed from the ovary for the use of cryopreservation; after completion of oncological treatment patient undergoes orthotopic retransplantation of ovarian tissue whereas oocytes may be used for in vitro fertilization. Live birth rates up to 53.8% have been reported after fertility preservation treatment in selected patients. In patients with endometrial cancer fertility preservation treatment means conserving of the uterus. Appropriate candidates for fertility preservation are younger women with well differentiated endometrial cancer, which does not invade the myometrium. Fertility preservation treatment in endometrial cancer is hormonal, based on progestins. After completion of fertility preservation treatment, frequent follow-ups are necessary, with tissue sampling (via curettage or endometrial biopsy) remaining standard approach in follow- up. Live birth rates after progestin therapy are around 60%, or even higher with the help of assisted reproductive procedures. In cervical cancer, fertility preservation treatment can be considered in women with early-stage disease (FIGO IA1, IA2, or IB1). Cone biopsy or conization followed by laparoscopic lymphadenectomy has been described as an appropriate procedure, with conception rates up to 47%.Cilj ovog preglednog rada je prikazati suvremene mogućnosti očuvanja plodnosti kod mladih žena s ginekološkim tumorima (rakom jajnika, trupa maternice ili vrata maternice). S obzirom na rizike i koristi metoda za očuvanje plodnosti, preporuča se bolesnicu prijeterapijski prezentirati na multidisciplinarnom timu koji uključuje ginekologa, ginekološkog onkologa, embriologa, radiologa, patologa i reprodukcijskog endokrinologa. Samo je mali udio bolesnica s epitelnim rakom jajnika ili granično malignim tumorom janika prikladan za očuvanje plodnosti (FIGO IA I IC). Nakon operacijskog uklanjanja jajnika, tkivo jajnika ili jajne stanice se krioprezervaju; nakon završetka onkološkog liječenja obično slijedi ortotopična retransplantacija ovarijskog tkiva bolesnici, dok se jajne stanice mogu koristiti u postupku izvantjelesne oplodnje. Nakon liječenja uz očuvanje plodnosti kod odabranih bolesnica rakom jajnika stopa živorođenih kretala se do 53,8%. Kod bolesnica s rakom endometrija očuvanje plodnosti podrazumijeva očuvanje maternice. Bolesnice pogodne za očuvanje plodnosti su mlađe žene sa dobro diferenciranim tumorom koji ne prodire u miometrij. Za očuvanje plodnosti kod raka endometrija primjenjuje se hormonsko liječenje, utemeljeno na gestagenima, koji stabiliziraju i zaustavljaju nekontroliranu estrogensku stimulaciju endometrija. Po završetku liječenja potrebni su učestali kontrolni pregledi, a uzimanje tkiva sluznice (kiretaža ili biopsija endometrija) predstavljaju standard u praćenju ovih bolesnica. Nakon liječenja gestagenima stopa živorođenih kreće se oko 60% ili čak više kod primjene postupaka potpomognute oplodnje. Očuvanje plodnosti kod karcinoma vrata maternice moguće je kod strogo odabrane skupine bolesnica (FIGO IA1, IA2 ili IB1) motiviranih za trudnoću; kod tih bolesnica konizacija ili biopsija konizata u kombinaciji s laparoskopskom limfadenektomijom predstavlja najprikladniji zahvat sa stopom trudnoća do 47%

Development of a cryogenic vacuum valve and an electromechanical switch for ALPHATRAP

A Penning trap experiment for the determination of the g-factor of the bound electron in heavy highly-charged ions, ALPHATRAP, is under construction at the Max-Planck-Institute in Heidelberg MPIK. As a part of this experiment, a vacuum valve and an electromechanical switch were constructed and tested. ALPHATRAP will be connected to an electron-beam ion trap (EBIT) via a room temperature beam-line. Since trapping of highly-charged ions requires extremely good vacuum, in excess of 10-15 mbar, the external flow of the background gas from the room-temperature beam-line has to be reduced significantly. Therefore, a cryogenic vacuum valve was developed, which enables adequate storage times. The valve is manually actuated, and operates at cryogenic temperatures as well as in strong magnetic fields. Furthermore, for the image-current detection electronics a cryogenic electromechanical switch was developed. The switch is actuated by a piezoelectric element. Advantages compared to semiconductor devices are negligible leakage currents for the switch being in open position and negligible dielectric losses. The switch is designed as a single-pole single-throw switch and has a residual resistance of only 11 m. The designs and test results of the devices are presented