Reproducibilidad del tiempo en posición sedente evaluado con el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) y el Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)

ResumenObjetivo:Evaluar la reproducibilidad y el nivel de acuerdo del tiempo en posición sedente evaluado con el IPAQ y el GPAQ. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de evaluación de tecnologías diagnósticas. Los cuestionarios IPAQ y GPAQ fueron administrados por dos encuestadores a 92 adultos (42.2 ±13.9 años), en dos oportunidades con un intervalo de tiempo entre 3 y 6 días, en el mismo orden de aplicación establecido aleatoriamente en la primera prueba. En el análisis, se evaluó la reproducibilidad prueba-reprueba de los ítems que miden el tiempo en posición sedente del IPAQ y del GPAQ y la reproducibilidad entre ítems, aplicando el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase (CCI (2.1)) y sus intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). El nivel de acuerdo se estableció mediante el método Bland y Altman.[Angarita A, Camargo DM, Oróstegui I. Reproducibilidad del tiempo en posición sedente evaluado con el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) y el Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). MedUNAB 2010; 13:5-12].Palabras clave: Cuestionario, reproducibilidad, sedentarismo, IPAQ, GPAQ

Enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional

ResultadoLa enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional (ETG) comprende un grupo de lesiones trofoblásticas benignas, anormalidades en la formación de la placenta como son las molas hidatidiformes (MH) completas y parciales, y la neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional maligna (NTGM). La ETG, es un fenómeno que se ha visto favorecido por los avances y el desarrollo de la medicina, ya que su diagnóstico es cada vez más temprano gracias a la implementación del estudio ecográfico en el primer trimestre de gestación, así mismo, el seguimiento con la subunidadί de la Gonadotropina Coriónica Humana ( hCG) ha permitido la detección temprana de un gran número de mujeres quienes posterior a la evacuación de una MH, progresan hacia una NTGM. Ante el diagnóstico de MH, siempre debe buscarse su evacuación y posterior seguimiento para la detección precoz del desarrollo de NTGM; en cuanto al tratamiento es importante individualizarlo en mujeres con NTGM basándose en los factores de riesgo usando un régimen menos tóxico en pacientes de bajo riesgo y terapia combinada agresiva más cirugía en pacientesde alto riesgo.[Oróstegui S, Arenas YA, Galindo LM. Enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional. MedUNAB 2008; 11:140-148].Palabras clave: Mola hidatidiforme, Neoplasia trofoblαstica gestacional, Enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional

¿Es prioritario vacunar a niños de 3-11 años contra COVID-19 en Colombia?

En octubre 31 del 2021, Colombia inició la vacunación contra COVID-19 para niños de 3 a 11 años de edad, conla vacuna CoronaVac (Sinovac). Esta estrategia se implementó en ausencia de un informe técnico sobre la eficaciay seguridad de CoronaVac en niños, y sin una evaluación del costo-beneficio de esta, en comparación con otrasestrategias. En este comentario se consideran aspectos fundamentales que debieron tomarse en cuenta al ponderar silos beneficios de esta estrategia eran mayores que sus riesgos. Específicamente, la eficacia y seguridad de CoronaVacen niños de 3 a 11 años, la relación riesgo/beneficio de la estrategia, el rol de los niños en la transmisión comunitariade SARS-CoV-2, y las implicaciones éticas de la estrategia.En octubre 31 del 2021, Colombia inició la vacunación contra COVID-19 para niños de 3 a 11 años de edad, conla vacuna CoronaVac (Sinovac). Esta estrategia se implementó en ausencia de un informe técnico sobre la eficaciay seguridad de CoronaVac en niños, y sin una evaluación del costo-beneficio de esta, en comparación con otrasestrategias. En este comentario se consideran aspectos fundamentales que debieron tomarse en cuenta al ponderar silos beneficios de esta estrategia eran mayores que sus riesgos. Específicamente, la eficacia y seguridad de CoronaVacen niños de 3 a 11 años, la relación riesgo/beneficio de la estrategia, el rol de los niños en la transmisión comunitariade SARS-CoV-2, y las implicaciones éticas de la estrategia.En octubre 31 del 2021, Colombia inició la vacunación contra COVID-19 para niños de 3 a 11 años de edad, conla vacuna CoronaVac (Sinovac). Esta estrategia se implementó en ausencia de un informe técnico sobre la eficaciay seguridad de CoronaVac en niños, y sin una evaluación del costo-beneficio de esta, en comparación con otrasestrategias. En este comentario se consideran aspectos fundamentales que debieron tomarse en cuenta al ponderar silos beneficios de esta estrategia eran mayores que sus riesgos. Específicamente, la eficacia y seguridad de CoronaVacen niños de 3 a 11 años, la relación riesgo/beneficio de la estrategia, el rol de los niños en la transmisión comunitariade SARS-CoV-2, y las implicaciones éticas de la estrategia

The Latin American Consortium of Studies in Obesity (LASO)

Current, high-quality data are needed to evaluate the health impact of the epidemic of obesity in Latin America. The Latin American Consortium of Studies of Obesity (LASO) has been established, with the objectives of (i) Accurately estimating the prevalence of obesity and its distribution by sociodemographic characteristics; (ii) Identifying ethnic, socioeconomic and behavioural determinants of obesity; (iii) Estimating the association between various anthropometric indicators or obesity and major cardiovascular risk factors and (iv) Quantifying the validity of standard definitions of the various indexes of obesity in Latin American population. To achieve these objectives, LASO makes use of individual data from existing studies. To date, the LASO consortium includes data from 11 studies from eight countries (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Peru, Puerto Rico and Venezuela), including a total of 32 462 subjects. This article describes the overall organization of LASO, the individual studies involved and the overall strategy for data analysis. LASO will foster the development of collaborative obesity research among Latin American investigators. More important, results from LASO will be instrumental to inform health policies aiming to curtail the epidemic of obesity in the region

Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: a comparative risk assessment

Background High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010. Methods We used data for exposure to risk factors by country, age group, and sex from pooled analyses of populationbased health surveys. We obtained relative risks for the eff ects of risk factors on cause-specifi c mortality from metaanalyses of large prospective studies. We calculated the population attributable fractions for- each risk factor alone, and for the combination of all risk factors, accounting for multicausality and for mediation of the eff ects of BMI by the other three risks. We calculated attributable deaths by multiplying the cause-specifi c population attributable fractions by the number of disease-specifi c deaths. We obtained cause-specifi c mortality from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study. We propagated the uncertainties of all the inputs to the fi nal estimates. Findings In 2010, high blood pressure was the leading risk factor for deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes in every region, causing more than 40% of worldwide deaths from these diseases; high BMI and glucose were each responsible for about 15% of deaths, and high cholesterol for more than 10%. After accounting for multicausality, 63% (10\ub78 million deaths, 95% CI 10\ub71\u201311\ub75) of deaths from these diseases in 2010 were attributable to the combined eff ect of these four metabolic risk factors, compared with 67% (7\ub71 million deaths, 6\ub76\u20137\ub76) in 1980. The mortality burden of high BMI and glucose nearly doubled from 1980 to 2010. At the country level, age-standardised death rates from these diseases attributable to the combined eff ects of these four risk factors surpassed 925 deaths per 100 000 for men in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, but were less than 130 deaths per 100 000 for women and less than 200 for men in some high-income countries including Australia, Canada, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, and Spain. Interpretation The salient features of the cardiometabolic disease and risk factor epidemic at the beginning of the 21st century are high blood pressure and an increasing eff ect of obesity and diabetes. The mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors has shifted from high-income to low-income and middle-income countries. Lowering cardiometabolic risks through dietary, behavioural, and pharmacological interventions should be a part of the globalresponse to non-communicable diseases

Interethnic differences in the accuracy of anthropometric indicators of obesity in screening for high risk of coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Cut points for defining obesity have been derived from mortality data among Whites from Europe and the United States and their accuracy to screen for high risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in other ethnic groups has been questioned. OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy and to define ethnic and gender-specific optimal cut points for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) when they are used in screening for high risk of CHD in the Latin-American and the US populations. METHODS: We estimated the accuracy and optimal cut points for BMI, WC and WHR to screen for CHD risk in Latin Americans (n=18 976), non-Hispanic Whites (Whites; n=8956), non-Hispanic Blacks (Blacks; n=5205) and Hispanics (n=5803). High risk of CHD was defined as a 10-year risk > or =20% (Framingham equation). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) and the misclassification-cost term were used to assess accuracy and to identify optimal cut points. RESULTS: WHR had the highest AUC in all ethnic groups (from 0.75 to 0.82) and BMI had the lowest (from 0.50 to 0.59). Optimal cut point for BMI was similar across ethnic/gender groups (27 kg/m(2)). In women, cut points for WC (94 cm) and WHR (0.91) were consistent by ethnicity. In men, cut points for WC and WHR varied significantly with ethnicity: from 91 cm in Latin Americans to 102 cm in Whites, and from 0.94 in Latin Americans to 0.99 in Hispanics, respectively. CONCLUSION: WHR is the most accurate anthropometric indicator to screen for high risk of CHD, whereas BMI is almost uninformative. The same BMI cut point should be used in all men and women. Unique cut points for WC and WHR should be used in all women, but ethnic-specific cut points seem warranted among men

A 'polypill' aimed at preventing cardiovascular disease could prove highly cost-effective for use in Latin America.

We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of administering a daily "polypill" consisting of three antihypertensive drugs, a statin, and aspirin to prevent cardiovascular disease among high-risk patients in Latin America. We found that the lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease could be reduced by 15 percent in women and by 21 percent in men if the polypill were used by people with a risk of cardiovascular disease equal to or greater than 15 percent over ten years. Attaining this goal would require treating 26 percent of the population at a cost of $34-$36 per quality-adjusted life-year. Offering the polypill to women at high risk and to men age fifty-five or older would be the best approach and would yield acceptable incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. The polypill would be very cost-effective even in the country with the lowest gross national income in our study. However, policy makers must weigh the value of intervention with the polypill against other interventions, as well as their country's willingness and ability to pay for the intervention

Morphology of the male agouti accessory genital glands (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831) Morfologia das glândulas genitais acessórias em cutias (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831)

The morphology of the accessory genital glands of the male agouti was studied in twenty-three animals that were raised in captivity. Twenty animals had their genital glands dissected in situ for macroscopic description. The samples of each gland were recovered, embedded in paraffin, sliced and stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin technique. It was founded four pairs of glands: the vesicular glands, the coagulating glands, the prostate and the bulbourethral glands. Histological characteristics of the vesicular, coagulating and prostate glands showed similar morphology, within the pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The tubulo-alveolar type of the bulbourethral glands showed a lack of connective tissue among the tubules, a small amount of red stained presented it the cytoplasm, and the presence of vacuoles in the tissue. This study concluded that the agouti showed to have similar morphological aspect described in the others species of rodents.<br>A morfologia das glândulas genitais acessórias de cutias foram estudados em 23 animais criados em cativeiros. Vinte animais tiveram suas glândulas genitais dissecadas in situ para as descrições macroscópicas. Para o estudo microscópico foram utilizados três animais. Os fragmentos de cada glândula foram embebidos em parafina, seccionados e corados em hematoxilina e eosina. Foram encontrados quatro pares de glândulas: vesiculares, coaguladoras, próstata e bulbouretrais. As características histológicas da glândula vesicular, coaguladora e próstata mostraram morfologia similar, com epitélio colunar pseudoestratificado. O tipo tuboalveolar da glândula bulbouretral mostrou uma deficiência de tecido conjuntivo, citoplasma pouco corado e presença de vacúolos. Este estudo concluiu que a cutia apresenta as mesmas características morfológicas das glândulas genitais acessórias encontradas em roedores

Crude prevalence (%) of cardiovascular risk factors in the United States and the Latin American and the Caribbean populations, and age- and gender-adjusted prevalence ratios.

*<p>Data from the continuous NHANES (1999–2004).</p>†<p>Age- and gender-adjusted prevalence ratios with US as reference.</p>§<p>95% confidence interval does not include 1.00. BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference.</p